A Study On Connection Between Coastline Eastwarding And Change Of Folks' Livelihood In Huai'an Prefecture During Ming&Qing Periods

The maritime prohibition policy in Ming&Qing period resulted in negative impact on civil maritime development.Especially,the coastal Huai'an prefecture almost lost its competence of maritime development because of the sediment accumulation from the confluence of Huang and Huai river——coastline eastwarding(Haishi dongqian).We take the formation of five finger sandbanks,also the vanish of local sea outlet in early Qing dynasty,as time dividing point,a distinct change occurred among the folks' livelihood patterns relying on sea.Although the confluence of Huang and Huai river started in 12th century,it didn't have significant influence on Huai'an coastal folks'livelihood until the governance of early Emperor Wanli in Ming dynasty.Gaojiayan dam was built by following the strategy of hydraulic expert Panjixun's "clearing sediments by converging flow",which made coastline eastwarding accelerated,people of costal counties and states can't keep their living under the crush from inundations of west river and east sea,seeking living opportunities from sea is a smart choice even it against the court maritime prohibition.At the same tine,the rice transportation by canal is frequently blocked by the sediment accumulation from the confluence of Huang and Huai river,As the center of rice transportation and a coastal prefecture,many mind-open officers proposed to restart the rice maritime transportation from Huai'an.The resultant force from the formed benefitical clusters of canal transportation and emperors' safety concerns lead sea shipping quickly ceased in the late Longqing and early Wanli.Huai'an's coastal folks simultaneously adapt themselves,invented a unique sea boat "Haidiao(Huai'chuan)" which quite fit the ocean situation of Huang and Bo sea.They also made full use of their sailing skills and experience,seized the chance as soon as emperor Wanli allow to restart rice maritime transportation when wars broken out in 20th year and 46th year of Wanli period.They were hired by government but also drift out of official control,develop a commercial route from huai'an to Liaodong.Almost at the same period,the squeeze from saltern officer and inundation caused from dam crevasse made Zaoding(registered saltern worker)no choice but flee their location to survive and become a high profit seeker——Yantu(salt smuggler against official monopoly).they know every corner of river and sea around their workplace,and gather around.Their valiancy and tough is an important measure for court to select marine when war breakout.However,things go contrary to court's wishes,Yantu keep pursueing high profit with rice smuggle when sent to front.They bulid a military-commercial alliance with the Dongjiang group leader,Mao Wenlong,and still exert its influence when Mao was executed."wealth accumulation in wind and wave " is key feature of Huai'an civil maritime group in Ming period.In early Qing period,the formation of five finger sandbanks blocked off Huai'an people's seaborne trade route to north ocean,meanwhile,to relieve the pressure of population boom,coastal folks naturally seek to cultivate the large-area marsh land caused by coastline eastwarding to crops field.However,to guarantee the vital fiscal revenue from salt monopoly,government referred to the marsh-cultivation regulation experience in other salterns,but local officers ignored the particular fact of Huai'an coastline eastward way faster than other coastal area,they can not relieve conflict well between folk and salt maker,because their adjustment seems always lag behind of the realities.In the middle Qing period,the court started to impose the land tax by accepting the fact of corps field's existence as the speed of coastline eastwarding is steady.Transition of livelihood from sea among local folks mainly completed.This paper also take a comparative analyses in Miaowan and Qingkou,the south and north sea outlet of Huai river:with the influence of coastline eawarding,Miaowan from a transfer port of south-north seaborne trade to capital of new found county Funing,and Qingkou took its transfer place when maritime prohibition abandoned in early emperor Qianlong period,social economic developed rapidly.The developmental difference between two areas reflect stimulative function of the maritime factor in society development.