| From a philosophical point of view,Kang Youwei's Dao and Utensils view should belong to a kind of empiricist philosophy with a separation of Dao and Utensils.The concept of Principle and Desires is a manifestation of its “Yuanqi” natural humanity.The Public and Private view and the Kingly Way and Tianxia thoughts show that from the view of political philosophy,Kang Youwei especially attches importance to the status and role of the collective("group","public").From the perspective of the relationship between Kang Youwei and Chinese traditional philosophy,he is the continuation of the development of philosophy in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China since the Ming and Qing Dynasties,showing the further generation of Chinese modern values and combining with some Western values.In the overall mental orientation,Kang Youwei's philosophy is more completely humanitarian.The above two points,that is,from a philosophical point of view and from the perspective of the relationship between Kang Youwei and Chinese traditional philosophy(especially since the Ming and Qing Dynasties),it is still rare to systematically examine Kang Youwei's philosophical thinking.The first chapter of this paper mainly combs the Dao and Utensils view of Kang Youwei.Kang Youwei's view of Dao and Utensils presents two aspects,namely,distinguishing Chinese and Western from the Dao and Utensils and the view of integration of Dao and Utensils.For the first point,this paper proposes the generalized Dao and Utensils theory to summarize Kang Youwei's attitude towards China and the West after the Reform Movement of 1898.He simplified Chinese culture into a "metaphysical study",morality is better than the West,and the Western culture is simplified as "physical study",which is superior to China in material terms.Therefore,he advocated learning Western material studies in his later years,but in spirit he persist in inheriting the Confucius way and constructing Confucianism to promote the metaphysical moral education.In terms of form,Kang Youwei's view of Dao and Utensils is still a variant of the “Chinese-style Westernization” mode of thinking in the late Qing Dynasty,but in terms of content,when he communicates the value of freedom,self-reliance and equality of modernity with Confucius' s benevolence,he has broken the thinking mode of "Chinese-style Westernization".On the historical view of the integration of Dao and Utensils,Kang Youwei inherits the view of Zhang Xuecheng's Teaching General but Kang Youwei's purpose is obviously different from Zhang's.Kang Youwei aims at providing thinking reasourses for the political reform by enlighting the historical integration of Dao and Utensils syetem.Therefore,this perfect imagination of the ancient China is finally integrated into his vision of the future Datong society.Zhang Xuecheng is obviously dealing with the relationship between Confucian classics and historiography,and is a combing of academic history.However,on the whole,Kang Youwei's view of Dao and Utensils shows the separation of the Dao and the Utensils.The second chapter mainly reviews Kang Youwei's concept of Principle and Desires.In this chapter,we first explain Kang Youwei's consistent view of the natural humanity theory.The concept of Principle and Desires is based on this theory.Kang Youwei's point of view of “natural desires while human principle” is a great subversion of the Song and Ming philosophers' “natural principle and human desires”.In combination with his natural humanity,he regards "Desires" as natural and just,and should conform to human desires rather than repress.Correspondingly,he regards "Principle" as a historical concept,whice is the establishment by saint,is the expediency of different worlds,and cannot be regarded as an eternal absolute metaphysical concept.Instead,Kang Youwei found the concept of "Tao",to take the agent as "Principle" as a form of assurance,and stressed that "the Tao is to be feasible",whice links up the Tao and the desire and gives the "desire" metaphysical characters.The evolutionary thought of the Three eneration Worlds provides a good explanation model for Kang Youwei's discussion of the historical value of "Principle",which makes his concept of Principle and Desires more abundant.From the perspective of ethical norms and moral realm,this paper compares the ideals of Kang Youwei and Song Confucianism,pointing out that Kang Youwei pays more attention to the minimum ethical norms,attaches importance to universal applicability,and thus affirms the legitimacy of human desires and demands compliance with human conditions to correct the loss of Song Confucianism.In addition,Kang Youwei also has a special transformation of the traditional outline,and wants to convert it into a modern value.The third chapter mainly discusses Kang Youwei's Public and Private views.This chapter first distinguishes the concept of public and private in terms of practical meaning and valuing meaning,and points out that public and private in the sense of practical means public,common,privacy;while in value means average,fair,narrow,selfish.Kang Youwei mainly uses the concept of public and private in the practical sense,showing the pursuit of public ownership and the abandonment of private ownership in the system.But the two layers of meaning are not absolutely separate.Institutional public and common are often associated with average,fair,and equal value,while private ownership is associated with partiality and narrowness.Through this combing,we can understand that Kang Youwei's pursuit of "the world is the public" is mainly related to his understanding of public and private in the sense of value.His understanding of "privateness" is a trend that has become a "private" name since the Qing Dynasty,and regards "privateness" as a negative concept that hinders public realization.However,in spirit,it has also inherited the pursuit of individual privacy since the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Behind his longing for the public world,there is a guarantee of his personal value.Kang Youwei attributed it to the concept of "independent person." Therefore,Kang Youwei puts forward that the idea that "the world as a public can guarantee a private one,while private syetem cannot guarantee a private one",which is more comprehensive in reflecting his public-private views.The fourth chapter mainly discusses Kang Youwei's thought of the the Kingly Way and Tian-xia.Kang Youwei's Kingly Way thought has a strong realistic character.First of all,he reinterprets the"the king could be benevolence after generations"(???????)and transforms the concept of“Wang Ba”into a historical and value order.Furthermore,in conjunction with the“Three Generation Worlds”,he affirmed the legitimacy of hegemonic politics in the current situation,but in the ultimate ideal,he pursued the kingdom of Datong.He reinterpreted the"king"and separated the meaning of the virtues contained in the kingdom.He used the comprehensive criteria of virtue,education and production as the basis for judging Confucius as the king,thus integrating the reforming ideas into the concept of kingdom which helps maintaining the spirit of reform and critical spirit of Wang Dao politics.Kang Youwei's concept of Tian-xia is first manifested in the change of the concept of the world,that is,from the traditional world of the unified view of Tian-xia to the modern nation/state view.This transformation provided the ideological foundation for Kang Youwei's realistic political reform.However,Kang Youwei did not completely lose the concept of"Tianxia",but combined with the"Great Harmony"thought in Li Yun,and conceived the ideal"Tian-xia of great harmony"ideal society.The foundation of the"Great World"society he constructed is based on his bitter optimism and the"human suffering"as the universal human foundation of the Datong society.The reason why Datong society has its value is that it provides an excellent social order,and at the same time it can satisfy people's material needs and spiritual needs.It is a guarantee for the survival of individuals and realizes the ideal of"human bliss and no suffering".As far as the relationship between the four chapters is concerned,the first chapter discusses the Dao and Utensils view.It is intended to show that Kang Youwei pays attention to Confucius' metaphysical virtue and is also a manifestation of Taoist philosophy.A more thorough humanitarianism,with the "Dao basing on everyone is feasible",thus constructing the metaphysical foundation,is the philosophical foundation of his idealism,Public and Private views and political philosophy.The second chapter discusses the concept of Principle and Desires,which mainly involves Kang Youwei's view of human nature.It is the ethics basic part of Kang Youwei's philosophy.He takes the traditional theory of Qi as the main theoretical basis,adheres to the more consistent view of natural humanity,and provides theory for supporting his Dao and Utensils view.The third chapter and the fourth chapter belong to the content of Kang Youwei's political philosophy and historical philosophy.On the basis of Taoist metaphysics and natural humanity,Kang Youwei plays the historical philosophy of the evolution of the three generation worlds,and regards Wang,Ba and the world as the same.On one hand,part of the historical process,on the other hand,builds the ideal society of the world with Wang Dao Ren Zheng as the main content.It not only observes the reality reform,but also contemplates the future society.It reflects the humane care in the overall spirit and can therefore be regarded as its the embodiment of Taoism and human nature in the field of historical philosophy and political philosophy. |
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