Research On Land Use In Qingshui River Basin In Qing Dynasty

Land use is the human activity which can most directly reflect the economic content,social structure and change in the process of development of human society.Jinping and TIanzhu Counties in the lower reaches of Qingshui River are located in the Southwest of China.Because of the impact of natural or cultural environment,in the period of Chinese traditional society,should be a relatively special region.This paper focuses on the land right and forest right transfer contracts in Jinping and Tianzhu counties in qingshui river basin,and explores the economic properties of land use,aiming at a deeper understanding of land right,forest right market and resource allocation in qingshui river basin in the Qing dynasty.In the Qing dynasty,the cultivated land in Qingshui river basin was mainly divided into three forms:Tuntian,Miaotian and Civilian land.In accordance with the provisions of the Qing law,the government will be the distribution of land and army tenancy,and clearly prohibit the transfer of army.However,after the Tun army to the kind of farm land invested in the cost of transformation,obtained the "field surface right",and secretly transferred it to the guest people,led to the Tuntian gradually one of the ways of Mintian.From the point of view of the evolution trend of the Tuntian turn into Mintian,before Jiaqing,the Tuntian ownership has tended to the Mintian;In the second year of Jiaqing to Xuantong(1910),with the transfer of Tuntian's "surface right" accelerated,the ownership of Tuntian became more obvious.After Xuantong three years(1911),the Tuntian were completely converted to Mintian.At the same time,the Qing government adopted the protection policy to the Miaotian industry,forbidding soldiers and civilians to purchase the Miaotian.But the Han obtained the "surface right" of the Miaotian through the way of transboundary reclamation,"land reclamation" and so on,and secretly transferred it,so as to promote the Miaotian ownership.The main reason for the gradual conversion of rural and Miao tian to Mintian is the continuous differentiation of land rights and the transfer of "land surface rights".The relationship between tenancy and land use in Qingshui River basin in Qing Dynasty was obviously different from that in other areas.The land tenancy relationship in Qingshui River basin can be divided into common tenancy system and tenancy cooperative system in forestry production and management.The particularity of tenancy cooperative system in forestry production and management lies in that"landlord" and "planter" conducted preliminary cooperative operation on the basis of common tenancy at the initial stage of cooperative operation.When the initial cooperative operation is realized,both parties shall cooperate in the way of "shares"according to the amount of production factors invested respectively.This operation mode is called "tenancy cooperative system" in this paper.In addition,there are also two or more "planter" to cooperate with the "landlord" situation.Bettwen the"planter" don't "share" the "planter shares" of the forest trees they share with each other according to the number of production factors.Instead,they are equally distribute the "shares".This operation mode is called "tenancy cooperative system" in this paper.In addition,in the loan relationship of private industry,the debtor borrows with land right and forest right as collateraln in the traditional Chinese social period.The ways of borrowing are mainly divided into the following:"quasi-but-guarantee"loan,mortgage loan,"impawn" and offset.Among them,the "quasi-but-guaranteed"loan of land right and forest right is a special type of loan,and the ways of loan include "quasi mortgage loan ","quasi impawn " and "quasi offset"."impawn land"there is a special case,that is," impawn return rent" in the loan term expires,"money Lord" do not let " impawn Lord" redemption of land,"money Lord" in the form of tenancy to continue to operate the original land."Money Lord" need pay fixed rent only every year,can enjoy the land that bears ceremony ground permanent tenancy right.It will be transformed from "impawn" to "opposite land surface right" when exceeding period of impawn,.The competition of land and forest resources and the frequent circulation of land and forest rights often lead to various ownership disputes.Among them,there is a special way for the official mediation of land right disputes,that is,the inter-provincial boundary dispute mediation.County officials from two different provinces defended themselves by"meeting",and settled disputes with formal institutions and folk "customary law".In addition,in the wood market,the mediation of inter-county "Dangjiang" disputes is mainly based on public power mediation.In addition to administrative means,legal means and civil "customary law",the government's dispute resolution mechanism also introduces a special means of dispute resolution,namely economic means,to resolve the "Dangjiang" disputes.The government solves the "Dangjiang" disputes by diversified dispute handling mechanisms,which provides a strong guarantee for maintaining the rural market and regional economic and social order.In general,the land use in the Qingshui River basin in Qing dynasty was closely related to the special regional natural and cultural environment.The forms of land use in the region were mainly agricultural land and forestry land,and the economic content and social structure constituted by various ownership relations of land distribution,land rights and forest rights transfer had a dual impact on the traditional minority rural society.On the one hand,large-scale migration changed the land use pattern and improved the level of land use.On the other hand,the accelerated circulation of land and forest rights also promoted the development of the rural market,thus deepening our understanding of the traditional rural market structure and social structure.In the meantime,it had important academic significance to understand the particularity of regional land use form and the nature of traditional rural society in different periods.