The Study On Chinese-fu In The Early Joseon Dynasty

The early Joseon Dynasty refers to a period between the establishment of Li-Dynasty in1392 and the Renzu period,which roughly overlaps Ming Dynasty of China.Fu writing in Chinese is popular at that time,there are as many as 862 Fu works by 202 authors existing today.The contributions not only lie in their amount,but also rest with their artistic value,deeply influenced the history of Joseon Chinese Fu.During this period,internal and external political situation are very turbulent.Internally,this dynasty suffers from the endless and fierce fights of parties.Since 16 th century,the country also faced the invasion of Jurchens in northeast China and the neighboring Japan.In culture,Chinese neo-Confucianism gradually becomes Joseon official philosophy and reaches its height.In diplomacy,being close to Ming Dynasty in Zongfan relationship,the Joseon communicates with China unprecedentedly frequently.In diplomatic activities,a number of singing works are produced.All these make an important influence on Joseon's Chinese-Fu prosperity.Joseon Dynasty's imperial examination system on Fu,which continues the way of "dismissing rhymed Fu from ancient-style" at the end of Goryeo(1344),is determined as ancient-style Fu.Although the Mingzong period(1545-1567)test includes both ancient-style and rhymed Fu,the existing subjects are still based on ancient-style.Scholars' operation works are generally ancient-style Fu too.Early Joseon Chinese-Fu follows this way about dismissing rhymed Fu and admiring ancient-style Fu.It is actually deeply influenced by the concept of "Zu Sao Zong Han" in Yuan Dynasty of China.Later,it accepts the idea of "No Fu in Tang" by Ming's Seven poets,in addition to "Zu Sao Zong Han","not scrapping the Six Dynasties";and because of traditional advocation Chinese culture,it also continues the way of inheriting,admiring prose Fu in Song since later Goryeo Dynasty.So,all Fu styles "unlike rhymed Fu"(Sao-style Fu,Han-style Fu,parallel Fu,Song's prose Fu)are included.Compared with Ming's retro of Fu,its retro scope is more extensive,for Joseon authors,which reflects the holistic concern and comprehensive study to Chinese Fu literature.Subject matter on Joseon's Chinese-Fu is widely distributed and all-encompassing.The lyricism works are reflecting,voicing,sad for current events,or chanting life,expressing lost and seclusion feelings,or depressing of time series,as well as life not very satisfied,and some expressing feelings away from friends;The writing object works include plants,animals,utensils,etc.are expressing emotions or analysising reason,few of them are pure description of certain object;The reminiscing history works can be divided into chanting historical figures and chanting historic monuments,or historical events,most of them are based on the history of China,greatly demonstrating the style of discussion and expressing the needs of learning from history;The landscape works are divided into domestic landscape and foreign countries(China,Japan)landscape,focusing on writing emotions and opinions by describing landscape;The pavilion works also focus on expressing emotions or exposing ideas,some of which have such antiquity meaning;In addition,there are many works about culture,governance,auspiciousness,neo-Confucianism,etc.to beautify the country and promote neo-Confucianism ideas.All of them show Joseon authors' vision "overviewing the universe and characters".Joseon's Chinese-Fu creation is mainly in archaic form,together with various forms,sets off a diversified thought,regarding the Sao and Han style Fu as model,learning parallel Fu and following Song's prose Fu.While inheriting artistic characteristics of China's Fu,it has also undergone many changes in cultural environment for the changes of time,place and other factors.Sao-style Fu not only follows the classic images and techniques of Chu Sao,but also develops the syntactic structure,emerging great quantity of "mixed" Sao-style works;the content has expanded from lyricism to culture,auspiciousness,neo-Confucianism and so on.greatly reducing the pessimistic emotion of Chu Sao.Han-style Fu includes two types: the Grand and the small about writing object and lyricism.The Grand generally adopts the structure of subject-guest's question and answer,the narrative mode of spatial-orientation,and the flat description method,new features on short space and concise description appear in imperial examination works.It continues Han Fu's writing spirit with tribute as sect,due to decaying current situation,the creating purpose is added with the meaning of irony,persuasion and expectation.The four-character Fu inherits four-word sentence pattern and symbolism technique from "Shi Jing",but argumentation is very rational,so it has the unique style devotion to rationality and argumentation.Parallel Fu imitates China's Six Dynasties' parallel Fu art,the fine parallel,the classics and flowery language are applied.However,its style is not superfluous,but peaceful and neutral,or elegant and beautiful,matching with content written.A large number of Song's prose works that value righteousness and discussion,not just imitates the classic Song-style Fu,such as "Autumn sound of Fu" By Ouyang Xiu "Chibi Fu" by Su Shi,also the Fu that expounds neo-Confucianism concept and carries out the neo-Confucianism preaching,and many Song-style Fu works feature with distinctive argument.Moreover,in Mingzong period,which also tests the rhymed Fu,today,3exam rhymed works are left.The ambassadors' Fu singing between Joseon and Ming Dynasty mainly reflects contemporary communication on Fu in two countries.Both of the two countries use ambassadors who are prominent literary talents,Ming ambassadors sing,and Joseon ambassadors secondary sing with rhythm;Previous themes on Fu singing include three aspects: upstairs banquet in Seoul,trip in Joseon area and mourning Jizi in Pyongyang.These territorial diplomatic works inherit and carry forward the tradition that ambassador-using Fu in Chinese history,demonstrating the diplomatic cultural meaning about mining,as well as the praise and success for friendly communication,and each of them owns emphasis.Ming ambassadors' Fu expresses the country prosperity,and highlights national prestige,spreads the kingship by value vassal state;Joseon ambassadors' Fu praises themselves to honor others,sincerely beautifies the grace and enlightenment of Ming Dynasty,explaining whole-heartedness and value identification to show their governance.These singing works have some unique literary values,such as accepting and continuing the Chinese concept of "Zu Sao Zong Han",advancing the form of Chinese Fu singing with rhythm,improving the value for Joseon's Chinese-Fu,and also enhancing the practical significance for Ming extraterritorial Fu.Although Joseon's Chinese-Fu received China's Fu tradition,after being introduced,it has formed a cultural development adapted to locality and its own distinct national features.This period is roughly bounded by the end of 15 th century,divided into two stages.The former reflects in grand,glorious,fresh,elegant with founding prosperous weather,while the latter in current situation shows a tendency of decay,generosity and plainness,they are very different.Authors are going to localize writing to construct "Joseon-style",which mainly appears in: depicting the local customs,reflecting the current affairs in Joseon Dynasty,and revealing the unique direction on Joseon national emotions.The writing features of Chinese-Fu in this period are firstly the simulation of China's Fu,secondly the feature of central official literature,thirdly the taoism and warning tendency in theme.