The Analysis Of The Speaker's Attitude Subjective Makers Which Form Is Three Words“A Bu (?) B”in Modern Chinese

This essay has taken the speaker's attitude subjective markers whose form is “A Bu(?)B” as research object.The major theories in this essay are interactional linguistics,cognitive linguistics,grammaticalization,speech act theory,etc.On synchronic level,the discourse features,the context of utterance,mood and its speech acts of the speaker's attitude subjective markers whose form is “A Bu(?)B”,have been described in detail from these aspects: grammar,semantics,pragmatic function.Moreover,on the diachronic level,formation motivation and evolutionary path have been analyzed through the collection and analysis of corpus.This essay explains the research background,research object,research value,theories,and the resource of data.Exhibiting their features of all respects by specific individual cases analysis.Firstly,analyze the discourse features and the context of utterance of these markers as research objects from semantic and grammar perspective,in order to find out whether them could impact on the understanding of sentences or not.Turned out,expect “Dui Buqi/Zhu”,to some extent,all other markers can influence the meaning of sentences and cannot be omitted.Moreover,all these markers are in the process of grammaticalization from words to discourse markers.The performance of their grammaticalization with the meaning of construct(Bu)has an important impact on the whole sentence,which forms the crucial resource of attitude markers' negative meaning.The commonality of these markers is objective deontic modality which functions as the corner stone of speakers' opinion when they express their subjective modality or attitude.The sentence-initial of response is the regular position of these markers,which reflects speakers' response to the former turn.Besides,this kind of position provides the condition for their grammaticalization that lets them inclined to be understood as the adverbs can embellish sentence,which makes them undertake the meta-discourse function to express speakers' subjective attitude.Since locating in different semantic relationship,these markers show different semantic models.The biggest distinction is different words that combined together.For instance,the semantic model that locates in the adversative relation is: inducement(W)(events,opinion or action,those could arouse listeners' psychological inversion)+(ke/keshi/dan/danshi/ran'er/que,etc.)(X)+ background information(Y)+ Zong Buneng/Zai Buji/Zuo Buguo/Bao Buqi/Dui Buqi(/zhu)+ speakers' attitude or standpoint(Z).The most significant sign of this semantic model is adversative conjunctions.Those markers' semantic models have a common point which is the inducement locating in preceding text and the background information that supports speakers' attitude and standpoint.Specifically,“Dui Buqi(/zhu)” is peculiar,which can show up in causal relationship.It makes speakers' standpoint more credible by manifesting speakers' reasoning process.From the perspective of function,firstly,those markers express speakers' subjective negative modality and take objective modality as support.Because,in conversation speakers always avoid arguing with others,in order to make their standpoint more credible.Therefore,speakers choose objective markers that have strong social basics as argument basis to reduce the possibility that potential conflict become reality,viz,reduced expression that used by speakers in conversation is the most crucial motivation of these markers.Besides,sometimes hearers' speech and opinions would arouse speakers' severe negative mentality,at that time;speakers usually neglect hearers' negative face to express strong discontent.Therefore,speakers would take added expression to underline their subjective modality,such as “Zhe/Na(Ke)Buxing”.Secondly,be analyzing the appearance of theses markers' meta-discourse from function-based speech action theory these markers contain some speech action suction.Moreover,those markers always show up in sentences using speech to finish action,absorbed sentence's function gradually.In addition,they are added the meta-discourse function.Thirdly,by studying the appearance of theses markers' meta-discourse function from the perspective of order of magnitude,such as “Zong Buneng” “Zai Buji” “Zuo Buguo”.The common point of them is that there is a latent order that is the base of speakers' negative attitude,and the speakers' negative attitude are expressed through the negation or affirmation for extremum or the values close extreme in the order.To be specific,there are three types of the speakers' negative attitudes expression: first of all,speakers try to argue with listeners through negating the highest value in the latent order.Second,speakers affirm the extremum value in the latent order to express their negative attitude.Finally,the negation of the lowest value in the latent order can show speakers' negative attitude,either,which usage can be always be seen in the sentences that conclude “Zong Buneng”.All “A Bu(?)B” in this easy are expressing the negative attitude of speakers,except “Zhe/Na(Ke)Buxing” and “Shi Bude” could negate true condition of proposition,all other markers only can negate felicity condition of proposition and some situation of these sentences.In addition,these two markers produced textual function of pragmatic negation because they negate hearers' suitable condition with deontic modality in the bellowing text.Besides,the chapter analyzed the negative types of some similar discourse markers in this chapter,such as“Fan/Yong Bushang/Zhao” “Zhong Buneng” “Zai Buxing” “Bu Waihu” “Chong Qiliang” “Liao Buqi” “Da Buliao”.“Yong Bushang/Zhao” and “Zai Buxing” are used to express propositional negation,and the types of “Fan Bushang/Zhao” are both of propositional negation and pragmatic negation.Moreover,“Bu Waihu” “Chong Qiliang” “Liao Buqi” “Da Buliao” show in sentences to express pragmatic negation only.Finally,“Zhong Buneng” and “Liao Buqi” can express both types of negation,and the former puts particular emphasis on propositional negation,while the focus of the later is pragmatic negation.Secondly,all these markers are in the process of grammaticalization,and the degree of grammaticalization are different.After analyzing the resource of their meta-discourse function,this essay describes the process of their grammaticalization.Firstly,ranking them according to the degree of grammaticalization: “Zuo Buguo”“Zai Buji”“Nan Bucheng”>“Zong Buneng”“Shi Bude”“Dui Buqi/zhu”>“Zhe/Na(ke)Bu Xing”.Secondly,the thesis also discusses their diachronic resource and development.On the early stage,“A Bu(?)B” did not show in same sub-clause.With time,“A” and “Bu B” showed in a same sub-clause gradually,the appearance of this form is “A(Noun/Pronoun)Bu B”.After that,both of two parts combined gradually to a whole structure.Besides,the co-occurrence components of these markers also underwent a process that for being subject and object,from septic noun or pronoun to abstract noun,the omission of subject and object,and the subject cannot be restored but only can be understood by speaker subject.In this process,these markers' level of grammaticalization added well,the appearance shows more flexible grammatical position,from the middle of sentence to the initial position of response.During this process,the level of conventionalization,the level of understanding based on context and conversation sequence are gradually increasing.Finally,by analyzing common features of those markers.It is found that,those markers express speakers' negative attitude and the interactive purpose is avoiding the conflict or highlighting speakers' feeling and attitude in conversation.From the perspective of discourse context,contexts of those markers are two main aspects: on one hand,the context is the inducement for inducing speakers to express their evaluation and attitude;on the other hand,the context is the deontic modality to support speakers' standpoint.For the motivation of those markers' formation are the initial position of response,the omission of conjunction words in turning,hypothetical and conditional complex clauses,and the absorption of strong feeling in exclamatory sentence and interrogative sentence,the abstraction of co-occurrence components and the cross-domain projection of those markers from speech domain to act domain,etc.Besides,the resources of linguistic data in this essay are mandarin Chinese and Beijing dialect.Beijing dialect is the crucial resource of mandarin Chinese;especially on the diachronic level,the analysis of it has referential significance for the analysis of some specific phenomena in mandarin Chinese.Two of these speaker's attitude subjective markers whose form is “A Bu(?)B” are selected in this essay are regular expression forms in Beijing dialect,and some examples of them also could be found in mandarin Chinese,but most of them had been replaced by other forms in mandarin Chinese.Therefore,synchronically we analyzed these speaker's attitude subjective markers and the reason why they had failed when they compete with their contenders,in order to embody and enrich the kind of studies about attuited subjective markers.Above all,we try to make this thesis be a beneficial attempt when we conducted systematically this research.Finally,on the attempt of teaching Chinese as a foreign language,we are also try to let teachers have a systematic understanding of subjective markers of the speaker's attitude whose form is “A Bu(?)B”,so they can teach some general characters in classes,to enhance the efficiency of the classes and reduce students' memory burden.