| Among three linguistic elements,vocabulary is the most flexible and changeable one and adheres closely to social civilization.The late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China is the transitional phase between modern and contemporary Chinese in the history of Chinese language development.In this period of turbulent society,Chinese contacted with foreign languages frequently so that great changes had taken place on Chinese vocabularies,which is of great value for research.However,it is apparent that,from the research achievements of this language phenomenon in this period,this phenomenon is not paid enough attention.As a sign of the beginning of contemporary Chinese newspapers,Shen Daily(????)was a newspaper which had the longest period and the broadest social impact as a carrier of mass media and it was able to reflect lexical phenomena of language at that time fast,factually and thoroughly.This paper carries comprehensive study on vocabularies in Shen Daily(????)from 1872 to 1919 in the period of late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China.This dissertation consists of five chapters.The first chapter is the introduction and focuses on causes of the selection of this topic,objects of study,research status of vocabularies in Shen Daily(????)in the period of late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China,purpose of research,research significance and research methods.The second chapter is the research on how words in Shen Daily(????)were built.This chapter places emphasis on compound word formation and derivative word formation.The study of compound word formation conducts a systematical analysis of five language structures,subordinate,combination,subject-predicate,verb-object and supplement,how these structures distribute in the Shen Daily(????)and their characteristics.The study of derivative word formation focuses on adjunctive word formation,which can be classified into three word formation methods,prefix,infix and suffix.Among these three methods,the analysis of suffixes is the most important part,and will be studied through two perspectives,true affix and quasiaffix.The third chapter is the research on word creation.This chapter discusses four word formation methods,grammar,parody,simplifying and modifier,referring to standards of classification for word building in this field and combining the characteristics of words in the Shen Daily(????).Grammatical word formation attaches emphasis on basis of word building,and modifying method has much more content,which can be divided into metaphor,exaggeration and euphemizing.The fourth chapter researches into the conjugation of vocabularies,mainly about characteristics and development situations of heterographs and allotropy words.Heterographs are analyzed from causes of formation,syllable types and relations of meaning.The causes of formation includes ancient and modern words,variant Chinese characters,Tongjia words(a Chinese character that is borrowed to replace a character that should have been used)and transliterated words,while the relations of meaning includes congruent relation,inclusion relation and crosscutting relation.The study of allotropy words focuses on structures of AB-BA and A-B,and if grammatical attributes and semantic relations of them are the same.Besides,the two conjugations in this chapter are compared with modern Chinese in different historical periods.Through observing their development and changes in modern Chinese,it is summarized that there are three situations,coexistence,existence-hidden and co-hidden for heterographs and allotropy words in the Shen Daily(????)in modern Chinese.The chapter five is the research on new words and their meanings.From two perspectives,foreign new words and local new words are studied,as well as their origins and classifications.New foreign words can be divided into foreign words from the West and from Japan,and there are more west-originated words,most of which come from English.The ways to translate them are various,including transliteration,half transliteration and half free translation,translation mixed with free translation,transliteration with annotations,transliteration of words made and letter-loaned words.Some foreign words from Japan are new words which are made of Chinese characters by Japanese people,and they are termed Japanese words made of Chinese.The others are the Chinese words which were spread to Japan and returned to China,and they are termed Chinese words back from Japan.Local new news include native new words,new words from free translation and parody translation.The study on new meanings is conducted from this aspects,lexical meaning,word colors and grammar.The evolution of lexical meaning focuses on “the evolution of a meaning in a word” and“the evolution of words with the same meaning”.The former analyzes the increase and decrease of meanings in a word and the later aims to the research on the situations,like the expansion,shrinking and shift of just a certain meaning a words.In the meantime,the evolution of words is closely associated with meaning expansion.Metaphor and metonymy are the thinking mechanism of meaning expansion.Metaphor is based on similarity,and metonymy on close association.Therefore,meaning expanded can be analyzed from two perspectives,similarity expansion and association expansion.In summary,through analyzing the content in the whole dissertation.the language characteristics of vocabulary in the Shen Daily(????)in the period of late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China are generalized in the aspects,such as word building,word creation,conjugation,new words and new meanings.From which,the whole characteristics of vocabulary in the Shen Daily(????)are concluded,hopefully to provide some references for the the study on vocabulary in the period of late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China. |
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