English Education In Modern China (1862-1937)

Modern China was forced into the global integration,which inevitably gave rise to nationwide English education.In the efforts to change China's passiveness in politics and diplomacy,English started to play an significant role in importing and learning advanced science and technology from the West.Coupled with its critical part in the transformation of modern Chinese society,English was officially established as an important subject or discipline in the national education system via formulating and implementing the new academic systems.This dissertation starts with introduction of how English was spread in early modern China and analysis of English teaching in Hong Kong where modern English education originated.It conducts a panoramic and diachronic study on how English became an official subject in the domestic educational system.The study intends to generalize the characteristics of each development phase of English education as well as the educational policies in the corresponding period.Apart from overall description of English education in modern China,the author selects some representative institutions and particular region to analyze modern China's English education.To reveal English education at that time more comprehensively,there are some discussions on the interactive relationship between English education and fiscal economy as well.With generalizing the paradigm of English education in modern China,the author summarizes its social functions,problems and implications for today's English education.The dissertation has the parts as follows:The first part introduces the purpose and significance of the study.Some key terms are defined or clarified.The author subsequently reviews the relevant literature and summarizes the deficiencies of the previous studies and indicates the methodology.Chapter one illustrates the spread of English in early modern China.The clash between Qing Dynasty government's policy of closed-doorism and expansion of the western powers produced modern Tong Shi(interpreter)and Chinese Pidgin English(CPE),which played a part in eliminating language barriers and connectingChina and the West.As China gradually got involved in the world market,the problems resulting from Tong Shi and CPE made it urgent to conduct standard English education in modern China.Chapter two analyzes the early English education in Hong Kong.The author inspects several outstanding mission schools,such as Anglo-Chinese School and Morrison School,to reveal the features of their English teaching.Additionally,the relationship between the educational policies and local English education is analyzed.The chapter finally ends up with the analysis of the impact the region had on English education in Chinese mainland.Chapter three discusses the modern English education at the early stage in general.The author does not only offer a detailed description of English education at the foreign language schools and schools of military and technology founded in the Westernization Movement,but also makes a comparative analysis of three Tong Wen Guans(foreign language schools)in Beijing,Shanghai and Guandong.The debate on whether English should be taught in mission schools is reviewed and its significance for the subsequent English education is expounded accordingly.Chapter four elaborates the institutionalization of modern English education in China.The author discusses several important educational systems from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China under which the panorama of English education at elementary,secondary and higher levels is revealed.The chapter proceeds to conduct a case study of Nankai Middle School and Peking University respectively in terms of historical evolution,faculty,teaching materials and administration.Fund raising for English education as well as expenditure are surveyed to explore the relationship between education and finance.Chapter five provides a general review of English educational policy with its evolutionary progress,characteristics and tendency in modern history.And the basic paradigm of English education is generalized from the perspectives of educational objectives,textbook development,educational research and teaching assessment.Chapter six focuses on English education in Wuhan.With the analysis of ZhangZhidong's ideology of foreign language education,the author discloses that English education in Wuhan was developed from reforming the traditional schools to establishing the schools of new type.The author presents changing English education resulted from the frequent alternation of national education systems in different periods of time and analyzes the characteristics of English education in modern Wuhan.The ending part concerns about the the social functions and historical significance of English education in modern China as well as its problems and implications for today's English education.The purpose of the study is to examine the problems or deficiencies that exist now in contemporary English education through investigating the evolution of English education in modern China,from which some enlightening ideas could be obtained.In the world community of shared future,it can be concluded that the status of English as an important subject or discipline in China should be firmly recognized and its significance should be profoundly explored as well.In the exchange with the world,English,as a lingua franca,enables us to be heard and facilitate the spreading of Chinese culture.