A Study Of Roman-persian Wars(66BC-628AD)

Between 66BC and 628AD,a series of periodic interactions occurred between the Roman-Byzantine Empire with the Mediterranean Basin as the core and the Parthian-Sassanian Empire with the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia Plain as the core.The attack is the so-called "Roman-Persian Wars".The Roman-Persian War extends in a broad sense.It can refer to the competition between the Romans(late Roman Republic,Roman Empire,and early Byzantine Empire)and Persians(Parthian Empire and Sassanian Empire)between the 1st century BC and the 7th century AD Political,military,religious and cultural contests that lasted for seven centuries.The method of communication between the two sides is mainly war,but behind the war involves all-round confrontation between the two major civilizations of the East and the West in various fields and levels.From the Eurasian steppe nomads to the Caucasus and Arabian desert kingdoms,tribes and even the African kingdoms,many countries and ethnic groups at home and abroad participated in the Roman-Persian War to varying degrees.The number of actors in the Roman-Persian War and the complexity of their exchanges were far Beyond the two empires of Rome and Persia.The Roman-Persian War runs through the all-round game of geo-security strategy,religious ideology,economic and trade interests,cultural assimilation and resistance of both countries.The Roman-Persian War became the war that lasted the longest in ancient times,affected the widest area,and involved the most countries and ethnic groups,and had a profound historical impact.Judging from the macro-historical background and the development trend of the ancient Mediterranean-Western Asian civilization circle,the Roman-Persian War was the result of the two-way hedging and expansion of the Romans and Persians in West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean in the late classical era.Both Romans and Persias aspire to fully inherit the Hellenistic world heritage left by Alexander the Great,especially the political heritage of the Seleucid dynasty in West Asia,so conflicts between the two sides are inevitable.As the largest country in the Hellenistic world,the Seleucid dynasty included the entire West Asia region and a part of Central Asia in its heyday.The territory of the Seleucid empire constituted the largest part of Alexander the Great's Hellenistic heritage and inherited the original.Most of the Asian territory of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia.Therefore,both the Romans and Parthians regarded the conquest of the West Asian territories of the Seleucid dynasty as a necessary means to revive the Alexander and Persian empires.The Seleucid dynasty operated vigorously in Mesopotamia and Syria,and objectively laid the political and economic foundation for the Romans and Parthians to rule in West Asia.The Parthian Empire built the new capital Ctesiphon on the opposite bank of Seleucia,the eastern capital of the Seleucid Empire,and continued to rule with the Sassanid Empire for more than 600 years.The Roman-Byzantine Empire took Antioch,the former capital of the Seleucid dynasty,as its center of rule in the East.Therefore,the Roman-Persian War was first of all a war between the two sides to fight for and maintain the Seleucid dynasty's West Asian heritage.The Seleucid dynasty also fell into decline under the influence of Rome and Parthia.The expansion of Rome and Parthia in West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean began at the beginning of the second century BC and lasted more than a hundred years.By the middle of the first century BC,the two sides officially contacted in West Asia.Through the two-way expansion of the Eastern Mediterranean and West Asia,the Roman Republic and the Parthian Empire finally divided the Hellenistic world left by Alexander the Great.Eventually,the Roman Republic controlled Asia Minor,the Levant and Egypt,while the Parthian Empire controlled the Mesopotamia and the Iranian plateau.The Near East formed a Roman-Parthian polar pattern.At this time,if the two sides want to continue their original expansion direction,conflicts will inevitably break out with each other.This is the beginning of the Roman-Persian War that lasted more than six hundred years.The root cause of the Roman-Persian War was the two sides' struggle for hegemony in West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean.However,the strategic posture,cultural characteristics,ideology,and national strength of the two sides in different periods determined the strategic objectives,tactics and methods of communication between the two sides.Different,but generally continuity and inheritance.The Roman-Persian War not only had the characteristics of long duration,high intensity and long period,but also intermittent,sudden and compromise characteristics.The 7-century contest between the two emperors is both an opportunity and a challenge for the two emperors and nationalities at home and abroad.Eurasian steppe and desert nomadic tribes accelerated their civilization process through deep participation in the Roman-Persian War,and eventually rewritten the civilized order of West Asia and the Mediterranean.However,the small countries of the Caucasus and West Asia at the border of the two countries have not escaped the fate of being dismembered and destroyed because they are in the cracks between the two empires.The Roman-Persian War against the two empires itself was not only a life-and-death contest between the two empires,but also a subjective drive for the rulers' personal ambitions and imperial ideals.During the Roman-Persian War,the two countries were generally evenly matched in their overall national strength and their ideal strategies overlapped deeply.The efforts of either side of Rome and Persia to establish an absolute security boundary fundamentally compromised the security of each other,leading to a long-term dual confrontation deadlock and deadlock in West Asia.The bipolar security dilemma.The Roman-Persian War,as a long-lasting civilization war between the ancient world and the East and the West,had many potential and profound effects on the modern Western and Eastern civilizations' historical understanding of each other.At the level of civilization ideals and rulers' will,the Romans' ideals of restoring the cause of Alexander the Great and the Persians' ambitions of restoring the cause of Cyrus the Great formed a strategic hedging in West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean.Neither party has absolute political peace over the other.Military superiority only holds relative superiority in different periods.The comparison of the overall national strength of the two sides has undergone complex changes in seven centuries.However,as a whole,the strategic balance of power in West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean has been maintained,and the results of the conquest of each other's territory by both sides cannot be sustained.In the later period of the Roman-Persian War,as the buffer states and vassal states at the junction of the two empires were partitioned and annexed one after another(Armenia,Ghassanid,and Lakhmid kingdoms,etc.),the intensity of the war between the two countries reached its peak in the early 7th century.Evenly push the opponent to desperation.At the same time,due to their long-term participation in the Roman-Persian Wars,the various tribes in the Arabian desert have rapidly improved their political organization,military technology,and civilization.Finally,under the catalysis of various internal and external factors,the last monotheistic religion in the Middle East-Islam and Arabs was born.Unify the country-the Ummah regime in Medina.The Romans and Persians ran out of national power after the war of life and death at the beginning of the 7th century.West Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean were on the front lines of the war for a long time with economic decline and popular dissatisfaction.The vassal system built by the two countries on the edge of the Arabian desert was also here The time was completely disintegrated,opening the door to the conquest of the Arab Congress.The Roman-Persian War was the ultimate confrontation between Greco-Roman civilization and Persian civilization in ancient times,and it witnessed the limits of the development of ancient world empires.The Roman-Persian War,the great migration of European nations,the rise of Arab-Islamic civilization and other major historical events influenced each other,which eventually led to the end of the classical era and the arrival of the Middle Ages.