Theme And Variation: A Study Of The Concept Of Group Governance In Novels Of The Late Qing Dynasty

In the late Qing Dynasty from 1895 to 1911,with the upsurge of nationalism,it became the consensus of the intelligentsia to call on the masses to carry out the research by text.Because of its easy to understand and wide audience,novels are considered to have the function of group governance.The focus of this paper is to investigate how the novels of the late Qing Dynasty carried out the concept of group governance in the text.The first chapter discusses the formation of the concept of group governance in the late Qing Dynasty and the function of group governance in novels.The concept of mass governance in the late Qing Dynasty is the product of the evolution of social thoughts in the late Qing Dynasty,and it is the appeal of nationalism to achieve text mobilization.Many intellectuals,such as Yan Fu,Xia Zengyou,Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao,have raised the political function of novels to an unprecedented height from the same or similar ideas.The enthusiasm of these intellectuals for novels is undoubtedly an important driving force to promote the peak of novel creation in the late Qing Dynasty.Playing the role of group governance has become the theme of many novels in the late Qing Dynasty.However,in the specific practice of novel creation,the concept of group governance expressed is more complex and diverse than that discussed in political essays or novel theories.There is not only the theme of group governance,but also the variation of multi voice reconsideration under group governance.The second chapter discusses the moral criticism and concept reconstruction in the novels of the late Qing Dynasty.Most of the novels in the late Qing Dynasty had the moral criticism to the public and the expectation to innovate the people's thoughts and concepts.In the face of the crisis after 1895,intellectuals generally felt the morbid state of the society,moral degeneration was considered to damage the vitality of the society,the lack of national thought was considered to affect the gregariousness,the ignorance and backwardness of ideas was considered to affect the social development,and the false maintenance became a collection of problems.By criticizing the social chaos and moral status,criticizing the backwardness of ideas,hoping to reshape the public through stimulating effect,it is an important manifestation of the concept of mass governance in the novels of the late Qing Dynasty.Even in order to achieve the stimulating effect,individual writers deliberately exaggerate the disadvantages of the late Qing society and distort the real social moral situation.How to remodel the public is the key to the integration of Western learning and middle school.The shaping of national thought and the innovation of new ideas to adapt to social development are mostly discussed by referring to foreign experience,while moral remodeling is more directed to the re exploration and recovery of Confucian moral thought.The third chapter is about the body,feminism and hero in the novels of the late Qing Dynasty.This is also the novelists in the late Qing Dynasty to promote the group governance to reshape the external thinking of individuals.The Opium flood in the late Qing Dynasty and women's foot binding were considered to not only damage the individual body,but also damaged the national body.Through the rules of sports and gymnastics,it was closely related to remolding the national body and the state.The promotion of martial spirit,chivalrous spirit and adventurous spirit is the further deduction of body narrative.In the novels of the late Qing Dynasty,there are a lot of discussions about women's rights.Women's rights were only an important means of group governance among novelists in the late Qing Dynasty,which was to make women and men bear the same national responsibility.The writers of late Qing Dynasty also like to narrate heroes.From the perspective of group governance,from the perspective of nationalism,heroes should point to group heroes,but in the text practice of late Qing novels,hero narrative often portrays the divine personal heroes.We will find that some writers advocate women's rights but still have male power in the text.While depicting new heroes,they copy the narrative of emperor generals,which shows the variation of the theme of group governance.The fourth chapter talks about the imagination of regime in the novels of the late Qing Dynasty.After 1895,the late Qing government had lost its cohesion and centripetal force among the intellectuals,and the traditional autocratic monarchy had already faced many criticisms under the situation of Western learning.The novels of the late Qing Dynasty also required substantial changes in the state system of government when they advocated group governance,which was an important part of advocating the concept of group governance.Influenced by the juxtaposition of multiple social thoughts at that time,the novelists in the late Qing Dynasty were full of hesitation and hesitation when they talked about the political reform in their novels.On the one hand,because most of the creators of novels in the late Qing Dynasty belong to reformists,supporting constitutionalism has become the common position of many novels on the issue of political system;on the other hand,many novelists think that the political literacy of the people at that time was difficult to reach the level required by constitutionalism,so they do not assert that the people should start from autonomy.When some novelists have no choice but to change the real political system,they begin to shape the ideal political system in Utopian novels.The remnants of monarchy and the introduction of colonial ideas in the ideal political system are revealed from the novel text consciously or unconsciously by the writers,which makes the expression of the political system change varied.The fifth chapter discusses the concepts of paiman,zhongzhan and Datong world in the novels of the late Qing Dynasty.These ideas originated from the concept of group governance,but they are contrary to the concept of group governance.In paiman's novels,the reappearance of the distinction between Chinese and foreigners may be based on the misunderstanding of the connotation of nationalism,or on the utilitarian appeal of overthrowing the autocratic monarchy,which narrows and narrows the boundary of the group.In the war novels,the novelists in the late Qing Dynasty reached a consensus on the final battle between the yellow race and the white race.The boundary of the novelists' group was beyond the scope of the Chinese nation or China.They advocated the union of the yellow race,especially the closeness between China and Japan.In Utopian novels,the author thinks that the end of group governance is not the strength of the country,but through the strength of the country to the union of cosmopolitanism,ushering in the realization of the world of great harmony.In the world of great harmony,the boundary of the country disappears,the meaning of the group disappears,and the function of the group administrator of the novel is also dispelled.