| "Xing Fa",commonly known as "physiognomy",refers to identifying the advantages and disadvantages of an objective object through its external morphological characteristics,as well as its impact on people's good or bad luck.The pre-Qin and Han Dynasties are the important stages of the germination,development and maturity of ancient physiognomy types."Hau Shu Yi Wen Zhi" belongs to the category of "Shu Shu Lue",which contains four kinds of literature books: Xiangren,Xiangdi Xiangzhai,Xiangliuhuo and Xiangwu,which truly reflects the knowledge structure and ideological system of intellectuals at that time.First of all,physiognomy is the most important type in ancient physiognomy system.Chinese ancient physiognomy originated very early,and at the same time it bears profound historical and cultural origins.During the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties,the principle and application strategy of the method of physiognomy have formed a mature and stable knowledge system.However,at this time,physiognomy was influenced by specific social systems and ideas in the development process,which reflected the changes of physiognomy concepts and behaviors in different periods.In the concept of physiognomy,compared with the traditional physiognomy knowledge system,the development of physiognomy in Han Dynasty was deeply influenced by divination in society,and its depiction of human body's physiognomy was deeply marked by the theory of divination.The physiognomy and "Sage Out of Phase" also completed the evolution process from separation to integration,and together they assumed the function of dressing up the sacred colors of ancient emperors and princes.In the audience of physiognomy,under the gender order of male chauvinism in the pre-Qin period,the etiquette and law norms of "men and women are different" show strong prescriptiveness for the construction of female images.At this time,physiognomy is mainly applied to male groups,and the behavior of female physiognomy is quite rare in quantity.Up to the Han Dynasty,with the establishment of the symbolic system of Yin-positive gender in gender relations,ideas such as "Yin helps Yang to be valuable" and "Yin-Yang combination" provided a broad theoretical growth space for women's physiognomy in this period,and a large number of women's physiognomy behaviors and concepts were developed.Secondly,the development of physiognomy is based on the early geographical concept.The geographical concept in ancient China is based on human experience and observation of the natural situation,and has an inseparable relationship with traditional mathematics.In ancient times,the art of "Xiang Di" can be roughly divided into three categories: Xiang Di,Xiang Yang Zhai and Xiang Tomb.Shan Hai Jing ranks first in the category of "Form and Method",and belongs to the category of land.The art of "The Book of Mountains and Seas" is interdependent with its geographical nature.From the content point of view,the knowledge and concept of Kyushu mountains and rivers contained in it,in a sense,reflects the earlier knowledge system and concept source of ancient physiognomy.At first,Xiang Zhai technique probably originated from the practice of early agricultural production and urban construction,and formed the related phase method theory at the latest in the middle and late Warring States Period.In the early period,Xiang Zhai emphasized the geographical situation and layout near the residence,and also paid attention to the influence of the choice of time and day on the good or bad of the residence.Up to the Han Dynasty,many new factors appeared in Xiang Zhai,and the external landscape and natural environment were more integrated into Xiang Yu,which also promoted the formation of Feng Shui theory between Han and Wei Dynasties.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period,the concept of ghosts and gods was popular,and concepts such as "ghosts benefit people" and "burial before shadow" penetrated into funeral activities.The concept that the location of cemetery is closely related to the good or bad fortune of the living appears,and the method of "Yin Zhai Xiang" rises with it.At this time,in people's minds,the natural and open terrain,the mountains on the back and the water on the back,and the wide field of vision become the best tomb destination.Moreover,animal breeding is a special technology that originated from the experience of human production and life,and its content is increasingly enriched and expanded with the changes of practical experience and cultural psychology.In ancient China,the technique of animal husbandry has a long history and rich related theoretical achievements.Among them,the famous horse lovers headed by Bole summed up the first book on horse lovers in ancient China,The Book of Horse Lovers in Bole.Although the books are lost,fortunately,the related contents are still faintly visible in later literature.The newly unearthed silk book of Mawangdui,Xiangma Sutra,records the ancient horse eye photograph method in detail.From the aspect of text form,the text style of "Jing","Chuan" and "Gu Xun" in Silk Book Xiangmajing not only proves that this style has already had a relatively mature form in the process of spreading pre-Qin classics,but also has become popular in the classic text records of related technical trades,which is a general style of early spreading classics.In terms of stylistic nature,the elaborate introduction of horse body knowledge and the distinct rhyme recitation system in the Silk Book Xiangmajing are almost in the same line with Han Fu,especially with the folk Fu which introduces animal knowledge in Han Fu.After catching the Han Dynasty,the theory of Xiangma method made a great leap.With the pursuit of good horses by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty,the "horse style" phase method emerged.In essence,this phase method advocates distinguishing the advantages and disadvantages of horses from the bone method,and Ma Yuan,an expert on horses in the Eastern Han Dynasty,is the theoretical summary of this phase method.In addition,this phase dog surgery also summed up a wealth of experience and technology.The unearthed Han bamboo slips "Xianggoufang" and "Xianggoujing" clearly recorded the regulations of the people on the good dog phase method.In addition to matching horses and dogs,the techniques of matching cattle,chickens and cranes have also appeared in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.Although most of these phase methods have no relevant documents,their origins and standards can also be seen by comparing with later phase methods.Finally,the technique of phase objects refers to identifying the advantages and disadvantages of specific objects by observing and tasting them,and judging the impact on people's good and bad.Han Dynasty is an important period for the development of ancient artifacts as legal persons.According to legend,the texts of Xiang Jian Dao,Xiang Hu Jing,Xiang Yin Jing and Xiang Bei Jing have been circulated at this time.According to the original text,Xiang Jian Dao,an unearthed Han bamboo slips,clearly records that "good sword" and "bad sword" can be distinguished from other standards such as luster color,pattern and "Bai Jian".The formation of these sword-phase method standards is closely related to the improvement of sword casting technology at that time,and the sword-phase method and its concept also promoted the vigorous development of inscriptions with swords as the main body at that time.Due to the influence of the traditional bureaucratic etiquette system,Xiang-Cao and Yin-Fa make a detailed distinction between them in terms of categories,ornamentation,materials and sizes,and different types symbolize different identities,grades and authorities.Compared with Xiang Shu,the printing method may be influenced by the ancient taboo concept of language and characters,which not only pays attention to the appreciation of the external shape of seals,but also emphasizes the discrimination of seals.In addition,Xiang Bei Jing,written by Zhu Zhong in Han Dynasty,takes "beneficial shells" and "evil shells" as the standard,and strictly distinguishes the shape characteristics and medical effects of 15 kinds of shellfish.The thought reflected by the medicinal value and efficacy of shellfish resources in the text has many similarities with the ancient witch doctor's idea,which has a strong mysticism color.In a word,most of the artifacts in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties focus on the instruments closely related to people's daily life,and the mysterious concept of the integration of man and things is usually conveyed in the techniques.Only good things and good things can eliminate disasters and solve problems for people,and bring good luck and good fortune.On the contrary,if the appearance is not good and the identity and status of objects and people do not match,it will harm the Lord.To sum up,as one of the ancient types of numerology,"shape method-physiognomy" is an important way for human beings to know nature,understand society and express themselves.In the eyes of the ancients,these practical technologies are common sense related to daily life.Behind the knowledge of photography and universal experience,there are also people's faith and pursuit of happiness and stable life order.At the same time,these knowledge,technology and beliefs support the development of ancient Chinese culture in a special form of ideological resources,and become an important way for us to deeply understand early Chinese thoughts and art.Finally,the technique of phase objects refers to identifying the advantages and disadvantages of specific objects by observing and tasting them,and judging the impact on people's good and bad.Han Dynasty is an important period for the development of ancient artifacts as legal persons.According to legend,the texts of Xiang Jian Dao,Xiang Hu Jing,Xiang Yin Jing and Xiang Bei Jing have been circulated at this time.According to the original text,Xiang Jian Dao,an unearthed Han bamboo slips,clearly records that "good sword" and "bad sword" can be distinguished from other standards such as luster color,pattern and "Bai Jian".The formation of these sword-phase method standards is closely related to the improvement of sword casting technology at that time,and the sword-phase method and its concept also promoted the vigorous development of inscriptions with swords as the main body at that time.Due to the influence of the traditional bureaucratic etiquette system,Xiang-Cao and Yin-Fa make a detailed distinction between them in terms of categories,ornamentation,materials and sizes,and different types symbolize different identities,grades and authorities.Compared with Xiang Shu,the printing method may be influenced by the ancient taboo concept of language and characters,which not only pays attention to the appreciation of the external shape of seals,but also emphasizes the discrimination of seals.In addition,Xiang Bei Jing,written by Zhu Zhong in Han Dynasty,takes "beneficial shells" and "evil shells" as the standard,and strictly distinguishes the shape characteristics and medical effects of 15 kinds of shellfish.The thought reflected by the medicinal value and efficacy of shellfish resources in the text has many similarities with the ancient witch doctor's idea,which has a strong mysticism color.In a word,most of the artifacts in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties focus on the instruments closely related to people's daily life,and the mysterious concept of the integration of man and things is usually conveyed in the techniques.Only good things and good things can eliminate disasters and solve problems for people,and bring good luck and good fortune.On the contrary,if the appearance is not good and the identity and status of objects and people do not match,it will harm the Lord.To sum up,as one of the ancient types of numerology,"shape method-physiognomy" is an important way for human beings to know nature,understand society and express themselves.In the eyes of the ancients,these practical technologies are common sense related to daily life.Behind the knowledge of photography and universal experience,there are also people's faith and pursuit of happiness and stable life order.At the same time,these knowledge,technology and beliefs support the development of ancient Chinese culture in a special form of ideological resources,and become an important way for us to deeply understand early Chinese thoughts and art. |
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