| In most historical periods,the rapid economic growth is usually accompanied by increased income,wealth and education inequality.This unbalanced increase in economic output means unequal opportunities in many times,in different groups which decides by parental education,gender,race,geography or social class.In such an environment,the important channel of inequality stems from the persistence of economic output over generations.This paper analyzes China’s intergenerational transmission and opportunity inequality.first of all,this paper estimates the overall inequality of opportunity in China;secondly,it analyzes the characteristic fact and the influence mechanism of inequality of intergeneration education in China;Thirdly,it estimates and analyzes China’s intergenerational income inequality;Finally,this article analyzes the role of migration in intergenerational mobility in the process of urbanization in China.From the perspective of China’s overall unequal opportunities,this paper used the Mean Log Deviation index to measure China’s opportunity inequality,using non-parametric method,parametric method,taking into consideration the interaction effects of different factors and the direct and indirect effects of the environment,using China Household Income Survey(CHIP)data.The results show that: from 2007 to 2013,China’s opportunity inequality is more and more serious,Taking into account the indirect effects of the environment on their efforts,the relative proportions of China’s opportunity inequality in 2007 and 2013 were 13.59% and 20.74%.Unequal opportunities are differences between urban and rural areas,regions,gender,different birth groups.Compared to urban areas in rural areas,women relative to men,the central and western regions relative to the eastern region,70 s relative to 50 s and 60 s,unequal opportunities are even more serious.The nested Shapley decomposition of the various factors of income inequality shows that: The indirect effects of the environment in unequal opportunities increase;The three major factors that have a major impact on the inequality of opportunity are household registration,gender and parental education.From the perspective of the characteristics of intergenerational education,the law of regression coefficient of intergenerational education is that,the coefficient of parental education is greater than the coefficient of mother,and the coefficient of mother is greater than the coefficient of father.Not only the coefficient of intergenerational regression between parents and offspring is significant,but also the influence of ancestral generation is significant.The law of intergenerational transmission of education is the female higher than the male,the urban higher than the rural,after reform and opening higher than reform and opening.Higher intergenerational transmission means greater inequality in educational opportunities.This paper analyzes the transformation matrix of education,the results show that,In junior high school,high school and college,Children and parents have the same level of education as the highest proportion.From the perspective of inequality in educational opportunities in China,this paper formulate a theoretical model of educational attainment,using multivariate ordered probit to analyze the intergenerational transmission of education,Studying the inequality of educational opportunity from the perspective of family background.The results show that,parents’ education attainments have the positive effect on educational attainment of their offspring;mothers’ education has a stronger effec than fathers in every level of education,even though mothers present a lower mean level of education;if the mother’s level of education is middle school,high school,college or university,will make the offspring probability of receiving higher education increased by 11.8%,27.3%,45.7%,,and the corresponding effect of father three levels of education were 9.4%,20.1%,42.9%;Under the same conditions,The probability of continuing to receive higher education is smaller for female,rural and before reform and opening up offspring;Both parents educated will strengthen the joint influence of the education of the offspring,but the marriage matching of the low educational level is unfavorable to the improvement of the educational level of the offspring.From the perspective of inequality in intergenerational income opportunities,based on the data of CHNS,this paper analyzes the intergenerational income mobility in China.In this paper,China’s intergenerational income elasticity in 2011 was around 0.45.By optimizing the estimation method and processing the data rigorously,we use the quantile regression and transition matrix in further analysis.The result shows that China’s intergenerational income is higher in recent years in the low-income class.The ratio of the offspring whose parents are at the lowest income class is still relatively stable at around 36%,and there is a cure phenomenon in poverty.The Multinomial Logit Model analysis shows human capital is the main factor influencing the intergenerational income mobility.Its influence increases with the increase of educational level,especially for the low educational level offspring.Further,this paper analyzes the impact of migration on intergenerational mobility,establishing the theoretical model of generation transfer from generation to generation,When the relocated income is greater than that of the emigrants,or the return rate of human capital moved in is greater than that of the emigrants,Parental migration has a positive impact on offspring human capital.Based on the theoretical model,this paper finds that the urban-rural migration in China has a positive impact on the human capital and income of offspring,Through the analysis of PSM-DID method,we find that the migration of rural parents can increase the logarithm income of offspring by 0.432.increasing the logarithm income of father by 0.938.By subdividing the sample,the migration of the father has a significant impact on the male offspring,but not on the offspring of the girls.The impact on the eastern region is greater than that in the western region,Migration will not only provide the income of this generation,but also provide the income of the next generation.Migration can promote intergenerational income mobility. |
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