Optimization Of Product Remanufacturing In A Closed-Loop Supply Chain Under Uncertain Environments

As the population increases,there are some outstanding issues in the course of economic and social development,including the conflict between material and energy needs and natural resource shortages and environmental degradation.Building a conservation-oriented society and developing a circular economy is the only way for sustainable economic and social development.It indicates that human society has begun to enter a new era of circular economy which is characterized by “reduction,reuse,and recycling”.In the context of the era of the circular economy,“remanufacturing” is a fundamental way to effectively solve this problem.The closed-loop supply chain(CLSC)is an important carrier for“remanufacturing”.Due to the dynamics and complexity of the supply chain,various uncertainties are ubiquitous in the management process.Therefore,fully understanding the connotation of uncertainty can effectively promote the good operation of the supply chain.At the same,the development and continuous improvement of uncertainty theory provide a powerful mathematical tool for supply chain management under uncertainty environment.Based on it with the support of uncertainty theory,this paper research the problem of product remanufacturing decision-making optimization in a closed-loop supply chain which lacks historical data under uncertainty environment.The main research contents are as follows:We firstly study the recycling and remanufacturing production optimization in the circular economy.We rebuilt the model with a price-dependent linear uncertain demand function and the quality of recycled products.At the same time,we further study the price of remanufactured products from uncertain parameters to meet different distribution conditions,through analysis,it can be found that the quality of the recycled product has a great impact on the total expected benefits of the supply chain system.The result shows that the change trend of the total return is greater when the uncertain variable obeys the uncertain normal distribution,with the expectation remaining unchanged,the variation of the variance changes in variance still have a slight effect on optimization decision,it further shows that the reliability of experienced experts is still very helpful to the decision of supply chain managers.In the CLSC,the recycling and remanufacturing are related to the recycling channel and sales channel.Considering dual-channel sales and different recycling channels,we develop manufacturer-led Stackelberg games to game-theoretically analyze the decentralized decision-making scenarios.Taking into account the needs of consumers,sales costs,and recycling costs are uncertain,the specific decisions of two different recycling channels for manufacturers' direct recycling and the third-party recycling separately are researched.The centralized decision-making system of the supply chain is investigated as a benchmark for evaluating the performance of the supply chain.Additionally,the analytical solutions of equilibrium strategies in different decision-making scenarios are proposed to analyze the channel coordination.Finally,we analyze the effect of the variance of uncertain parameters on the optimal decisions and expected profits of CLSC's members.The results show that centralized decision-making can maximize the total expected profit of members of the supply chain than decentralized decision-making.In decentralized decision-making,the total expected profit from manufacturer recycling is better than third-party recycling.In consideration of the impact of consumers' environmental awareness and carbon emission quotas and trading mechanisms,the decision of remanufactured product price,waste product recovery rate and carbon emission reduction level was studied in the CLSC.On the basis of defining the total amount of carbon emissions given by the government,the case of the third-party recycling channels responsible for recycling is considered,by constructing an uncertain demand function and the manufacturer's carbon emission function,the decentralized decision-making models are discussed include manufacturer-Stackelberg game model,retailer-Stackelberg game model,and vertical Nash game.In the case of manufacturers buying and selling carbon credits in the carbon trading market,the equilibrium decisions and expected profits of members in the three-game models are compared.Finally,a sensitivity analysis of some important parameters is discussed.The results that manufacturers,whether buying or selling excess carbon credits from carbon trading markets,can bring the greatest expected profits to themselves when the manufacturer is leaders of the Stackelberg game.Based on the concept of green environmental protection and low carbon,and the review of the existing literature,this paper conducts research on the price and carbon emission reduction of products under the framework of carbon emission quotas and trading mechanisms.Based on the government's given carbon emission targets,from the perspective of supply chain management,combined with the demand function based on the price and product green level,the game analysis method is used to discuss the joint participation of manufacturers and retailers in carbon emission reduction.It was found that the introduction of consumers' low-carbon preferences promoted low-carbon investment at the level of members of the supply chain,effectively improved the low-carbon performance of unit products,and also made members of the supply chain more profitable.