Taxonomy And Molecular Systematics Of Rhaphidophoridae From China

Rhaphidophoridae is a unique taxon in Orthoptera,wingless and without tibial tympana or a stridulatory organ.Up to now,there are 880 species belonging to 90 genera and 10 subfamilies around the world,and 197 species belonging to 19 genera and 2 subfamilies are recorded from China.Approximately three quarters of the species are discovered in the last twenty years.The study on the taxonomy of Rhaphidophoridae from China has developed rapidly,but there are also some prominent problems: the descriptions of the new species are nonstandard,the line drawings are not accurate statement,the generic diagnoses of the new genera are not comprehensive enough,it is difficult to judge intraspecific variation in the new species named only based on single specimen.In addition,molecular systematics of Rhaphidophoridae are poorly studied: molecular data are extremely lacking,the samplings are not systematic so that the monophyly of the genera are not verified.We studied the taxonomy of Rhaphidophoridae from China according to the characteristics of appearance and male genitalia by using evolutionary taxonomy on the basis of the systematic resource investigation and the checking of type specimens.Three mitochondrial genes(COI,12 S r RNA and 16 S r RNA)and two nuclear genes(18S r RNA and 28 S r RNA)fragments were selected to reconstruct phylogenetic relationship and the paraphyletic genera were revised.Divergence time estimation and ancestral distribution reconstruction were studied to explore the origin and diversification of Diestramima in China,as well as the causes of current distribution pattern of species.The main results are as follows:1.Taxonomic revision: Totally 197 species belonging to 19 genera and 2 subfamilies were recorded,including 4 new genera,45 new species,3 newly recorded genera and 5 newly recorded species from China,17 new combinations and 3 new synonyms.The generic diagnoses were revised and keys to subfamilies,genera and species were provided.The main characteristics of the species were described in detail and 151 high-resolution morphological photos were taken.2.Phylogenetic study: We revised the genera Mimadiestra,Tamdaotettix and Diestramima in the tribe Diestramimini and the genera Gymnaetoides,Homotachycines and Neotachycines in the tribe Aemodogryllini.A classification system based on monophyletic groups was constructed and the main distinguishing characteristics of genus and species were identified.Moreover,the phylogenetic relationship among the genera of the tribe Diestramimini were clarified.Arboramima is sister to Gigantettix,while Diestramima is sister to Tamdaotettix.And Bidiestramima is sister to all of the four genera.Based on the morphological characteristics,four molecular methods(ABGD,j MOTU,GMYC and b PTP)were used to delimit species of Diestramima,Gymnaetoides,Homotachycines and Neotachycines.The results showed that molecular species delimitation methods can effectively identify most species and contribute to the matching of male and female.3.Historical biogeography: Diestramima may have originated from Southern Yunnan in the early Miocene.The speciation of Diestramima have been driven by several dispersal and vicariance events,linked to the uplift of the Himalaya–Tibetan Plateau,the formation of monsoon and climate fluctuations.Central China and Guangdong-Guangxi may be the center of species diversification and distribution.