A Taxonomic Research About Rhaphidophoridae (Orthoptera) Based On Morphology And Molecular Marker From China

Rhaphidophoridae belongs to Insecta,Orthoptera,Ensifera,Rhaphidophoroidea.Up to now,there are 86 genera and 814 species(subspecies)distributed around the world,including 14 genera and 126 species(subspecies)distributed in China,accounting for about 1/6 Rhaphidophoridae population worldwide.Recent studies have shown that Rhaphidophoridae insects in China are abundant and widely distributed.As a completely wingless group in Orthoptera,especially in Ensifera,it may have important research significance in evolutionary research.The studies on Rhaphidophoridae in China are mainly traditional taxonomic research,and they are mostly sporadic reports.There is a lack of more comprehensive and systematic taxonomy research,also lack of phylogenetic research.Based on a summary of research results of Rhaphidophoridae worldwide,and on the basis of consulting a large number of literatures,the Rhaphidophoridae population distributed in China have been systematically sorted and morphologically revised in this study.2 subfamilies,13 genera and 130 species were settled and described in detail,and the keys to subfamily,genera and species were drawn up;using two target gene fragments COI and 28 S to study the phylogeny relationship of 117 individuals in 10 genera and 47 species of Rhaphidophoridae,Maximum Likelihood(ML)method and Bayesian method(BI)were used to construct the phylogenetic tree of Chinese Rhaphidophoridae;some genera and species were revised based on the data of morphological taxonomy and molecular phylogeny.The main contents and results are as follows:1.Morphological taxonomy study on Rhaphidophoridae from ChinaThe morphological terminology was mainly based on Mr.Liu Xian-Wei et al.and Zhang Feng who defined in their literatures.Materials are dry specimens and live specimens collected from habitat,which were accumulated and identified during the study period.After detailed collation and revision,130 species of 13 genera,2 subfamilies of Chinese Rhaphidophoridae were involved in this study,described,listed citation,synonyms,and combinations in detail for each species.Precise measurement,distribution and materials information were also given.All the species and genera were keyed.There are 127 species whose feature graphs,93 species whose color pictures and 24 species whose wild ecological color pictures were provided.After systematically settlement,55 new species,4 new genera or subgenera,11 new combinations,2 new record species and 9 synonymic species were discovered.4 new genera or subgenera:Pseudotachycines Qin,Liu & Li,2017;Gymnaetoides Qin,Liu & Li,2017;Sinorhaphidophora Qin,Jiang,Liu & Li,2018;Pseudotachycines(Hamatachycines)subgen.nov..55 new species:Diestramima(Excisotettix)brevis Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2016;D.(E.)subrectis Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2016;D.(E.)guangxiensis Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2016;D.(E.)curvicaudata Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2016;Diestramima(Diestramima)excavata Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2016;D.(D.)parabispinosa Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2016;Diestramima(Baculitettix)conica Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2016;D.(B.)emeiensis Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2016;D.(B.)beybienkoi Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2016;D.(B.)triangulata Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2016;D.(B.)tibetensis Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2016;Tamdaotettix(Tamdaotettix)tridenticulatus Qin,Liu & Li,2016;Tamdaotettix(Laotettix)truncatus Qin,Wang & Li,2019;Microtachycines elongatus Qin,Liu & Li,2017;M.fallax Qin,Liu & Li,2017;Pseudotachycines deformis Qin,Liu & Li,2017;P.yueyangensis Qin,Liu & Li,2017;P.inermis Qin,Liu & Li,2017;P.volutus Qin,Liu & Li,2017;P.trapezialis Qin,Liu & Li,2017;Gymnaetoides testaceus Qin,Liu & Li,2017;Tachycines(Tachycines)baiyunjianensis Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2018;T.(T.)karnyi Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2018;T.(T.)incisus Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2018;T.(T.)multispinosus Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2018;T.(T.)xiai Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2018;T.(T.)transversus Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2018;T.(T.)yanlingensis Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2018;T.(T.)sichuanensis Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2018;T.(T.)trilobatus Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2018; T.(T.)maximus Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2018;T.(T.)bilobatus Qin,Wang,Liu & Li,2018;Tachycines(Gymnaeta)dianxicus Qin,Liu & Li,2019;T.(G.)dispar Qin,Liu & Li,2019;T.(G.)lii Qin,Liu & Li,2019;T.(G.)lushuicus Qin,Liu & Li,2019;T.(G.)maoershanensis Qin,Liu & Li,2019;T.(G.)pallidus Qin,Liu & Li,2019;T.(G.)parvus Qin,Liu & Li,2019;T.(G.)verus Qin,Liu & Li,2019;T.(G.)vicinus Qin,Liu & Li,2019;T.(G.)yueyangensis Qin,Liu & Li,2019;Rhaphidophora quadridentata Qin,Jiang,Liu & Li,2018;R.wuzhishanensis Qin,Jiang,Liu & Li,2018;R.setiformis Qin,Jiang,Liu & Li,2018;R.nabanheensis sp.nov.;R.makuensis sp.nov.;R.nabangensis sp.nov.;R.zhangjiajieensis sp.nov.;R.fushoushanensis sp.nov.;R.nanlingensis sp.nov.;M.(M.)trispinosus sp.nov.;T.(G.)nanlingensis sp.nov.;Eutachycines liui sp.nov.;Diestrammena(Aemodogryllus)fengyangshanica wangdongyangica sp.nov..Raised generic status of 1 subgenus: Tachycines Adelung,1902.2 new record species:Tamdaotettix(Laotettix)curvatus Gorochov & Storozhenko,2015;Paratachycines(Paratachycines)ussuriensis Storozhenko,1990.11 new combinations and 9 synonymic species are also proposed.All examined specimens are deposited in Chinese Academy Sciences,Shanghai Entomological Museum(SEM,CAS),Museum of Biology,East China Normal University(ECNU)and Museum of Hebei University(MHU).The type specimens of new species in this study are deposited in Chinese Academy Sciences,Shanghai Entomological Museum(SEM,CAS).2.Molecular phylogeny of Rhaphidophoridae from China(1)Trees based on single gene datasets have poor resolution: Phylogenetic trees constructed based on COI gene fragment have low support rates among genera relationships,but high support rates among interspecies and intraspecies retationship;Phylogenetic trees constructed based on 28 S gene fragments have comb-tooth-like relationships between species and subspecies,and have low support rates,but high support rates among genera.(2)The monophyly of Rhaphidophorinae and Aemodogrylinae is supported by the combined data.(3)Genus Rhaphidophora and Sinorhaphidophora of Rhaphidophorinae doesn't divided clearly.(4)The tribe Diestramimini is monophyletic,the tribe Aemodogryllini is not monophyletic;both genus Diestramima and Tamdaotettix are monophyletic,the three subgenera of Diestramima,i.e.D.(Diestramima),D.(Excisotettix)and D.(Baculitettix)formed monophyletic group separately;Paratachycines and Eutachycines of Aemodogryllini formed monophyletic group separately,their relationship is closer;the remaining species formed two single-line groups based on whether the dorso-lateral lobe of male genitalia was sclerotized.The above results are basically consistent with the traditional morphological taxonomy system.(5)One branch with sclerotized dorso-lateral lobe of male genitalia comprise genus Pseudotachycines,Gymnaetoides and Microtachycines.Another branch with membranous dorso-lateral lobe of male genitalia comprise genus Tachycines,Diestrammena.3.Combining traditional morphological taxonomy and molecular systematics,the following amendments were made:(1)1 new subgenus is proposed: Microtachycines(Hamatachycines)subgen.nov.is suggested to be established for the type species Pseudotachycines volutus Qin,Liu & Li,2017,Pseudotachycines ovalilobatus(Gorochov,2010)and Pseudotachycines trapezialis Qin,Liu & Li,2017 are advised to transferred into this new subgenus.(2)Gymnaetoides and Pseudotachycines were combined as the subgenus of Pseudotachycines;Tachycines(Tachycines)maximus Qin et al.,2018 is suggested to be as a new combination belonging to genus Diestrammena.(3)4 species group are suggested to divide subgenus Tachycines(Gymnaeta),whose species account for about 30% of Rhaphidophoridae in China:species group beresowskii Adelung,1902: species beresowskii,Adelung,1902,species belousovi(Gorochov,2010),species gansu(Gorochov,2010).species group borutzkyi(Gorochov,1994): species borutzkyi(Gorochov,1994),species cavernus(Jiao,Niu,Liu,Lei & Bi,2008),species chenhui(Rampini & Di Russo,2008),species dispar Qin,Liu & Li,2019,species femoratus(Zhang & Liu,2009),species lalinus Feng,Huang & Luo,2019,species solidus Gorochov,Rampini & Di Russo,2006,species verus Qin,Liu & Li,2019,species zorzini(Rampini & Di Russo,2008),species latellai(Rampini & Di Russo,2008).species group wuyishanicus(Zhang & Liu,2009): species wuyishanicus(Zhang & Liu,2009),species parvus Qin,Liu & Li,2019,species lushuicus Qin,Liu & Li,2019.species group fallax(Zhang & Liu,2009): species fallax(Zhang & Liu,2009),species dianxicus Qin,Liu & Li,2019,species lii Qin,Liu & Li,2019,species pallidus Qin,Liu & Li,2019,species proximus(Gorochov,Rampini & Di Russo,2006).