Study On The Choice Of Industrial Organization Model Of Beef Cattle Farmers And Its Effect Based On The Perspective Of Trading Characteristics

As an important part of China’s agriculture and rural economy,animal husbandry is not only a strategic industry for the transformation and upgrading of the food consumption structure,but also a basic industry for ensuring farmers sustainable income increase and realizing rural revitalization.In the new development stage,achieving high-quality development of the beef cattle industry is an effective way to meet people’s growing demand for high-quality,safe beef,focus on efficient breeding and green transformation development,improve production technology efficiency,promote farmers’ income growth,and simultaneously achieve agricultural modernization and common prosperity.Among them,the organization model of beef cattle industry,as an important institutional carrier for the development of agricultural industrialization,is constantly evolving in terms of organizational structure,operation mechanism and cooperative relationship of participating subjects to adapt to the development situation of the beef cattle industry.It is important to clarify the logic and influence mechanism of transaction characteristics on farmers’ choice of beef cattle industry organization model and the effect of beef cattle industry organization model on farmers’ economic effect to promote the sustainable development of beef cattle industry organization model and establish long-term and stable contractual relationship.How to deal with the challenges of carbon emission reduction in beef cattle breeding,change of rough production methods,low efficiency of resource use and other issues on the development of the beef cattle industry,accelerate the promotion of innovation in the organization model of the beef cattle industry will be an important way to extend and consolidate the meat cattle industry chain and accelerate the modernization of agriculture.In the development of the beef cattle industry,China’s beef cattle breeding is still dominated by retail and small-and medium-scale farmers,who mainly rely on traditional crude business methods to engage in beef cattle breeding,resulting in retail and small-and medium-scale farmers still being the disadvantaged groups in the beef cattle industry chain.By establishing a stable interest linkage mechanism,enhancing the voice of retail and small-and medium-scale farmers in trading activities,and stepping out of the organized path with the most grassroots farming subjects as the main focus,is the key to speeding up the innovation of the organizational model of the beef cattle industry,and is also an inevitable choice to promote the organic linkage between small farmers and modern agricultural development.In view of this,how can the organizational model of the beef cattle industry improve the disadvantaged position of farmers in trading activities against the background of rising farming costs due to fluctuating food prices and the "climbing period" for farmers to increase their income? What are the micro mechanisms and internal logic to support the quality development of the beef cattle industry?This study is based on the perspective of transaction characteristics,based on a systematic review of relevant research results at home and abroad,and based on industrial organization theory,transaction cost theory,and farmer behavior theory as the theoretical foundation,through the construction of the analytical framework of "trading characteristics-model choice-economic performance".By constructing an analytical framework of "trading characteristics-model choice-economic performance" and selecting 539 micro-survey data of beef cattle farmers in 11 provinces,we focus on the trading relationship and governance mechanism of the beef cattle industrial organization model,as well as the factors influencing farmers’ choice of the beef cattle industrial organization model and its mechanism of action,and analyze the impact of the beef cattle industrial organization model on farmers’ economic effects.The impact of the beef cattle industry organization model on the economic effects of farmers is also analyzed,and ultimately countermeasures are suggested for the sustainable development of the beef cattle industry organization model.Firstly,the current situation of the development of the beef cattle industry in China and the sample regions are sorted out,the situation of the sample farmers is described,and a trading characteristics index system is constructed.Secondly,the theoretical analysis framework of "trading characteristics-trading relationship-governance mechanism" was developed,focusing on four types of beef cattle industry organization models,and the multi-case analysis method was used to analyze the transaction relationship and governance mechanism between beef cattle production and processing enterprises with different transaction characteristics and other business entities in the initial transaction relationship of the corporate-controlled beef cattle industry organization model.--Theoretical analysis framework of "trading characteristics-model choice" is constructed,and the impact factors of trading characteristics on the choice of industrial organization model of beef cattle farmers and their mechanism of action are empirically analyzed by using multivariate Logit model,binary Logit model,and mediating effect test model,etc.;finally,the economic effects of the choice of industrial organization model of beef cattle farmers are analyzed by Finally,through the analysis of the economic effects of farmers’ choice of industrial organization mode,econometric models such as stochastic frontier production function model,Tobit model,propensity score matching method(PSM)and quantile regression model are used to empirically analyze the effects of beef cattle industrial organization mode on farmers’ production effect and income effect respectively.Following the research logic and research perspective,the relevant research findings are specified as follows.(1)The trading characteristics of beef cattle farmers vary widely,and most of them choose the beef cattle industry organization model with looser benefit linkage mechanism.The heterogeneity of the trading characteristics of beef cattle farmers in different beef cattle dominant regions is obvious,among which the trading characteristics of beef cattle farmers in the northeast dominant region are weaker and the trading characteristics of beef cattle farmers in the central dominant region are stronger.At the same time,the sample farmers have the largest differences in scale and mostly weak scale,while the farmers have less differences in specialization and risk.Most of the sample farmers chose the sales contract model,followed by the market transaction model,production management contract model,and quasi vertical integration model,respectively,which indicates that most of the sample farmers chose the beef cattle industry organization model with a looser benefit linkage mechanism.(2)The strength of transaction characteristics affects the transaction relationship between business subjects in the beef cattle industrial organization model,and mostly matches the compound governance mechanism.In the initial transactions of the beef cattle industry organization model,beef cattle production and processing enterprises with different transaction characteristics form transaction relationships with other business subjects with different degrees of linkage.Moreover,most of the governance mechanisms matched by different transaction relationships are compound governance mechanisms composed of 2 or more governance mechanisms at the same time,where relational governance mechanisms exist in multiple transaction relationships.By examining the establishment and development of trading relationships in the beef cattle industry organization model,the matching governance mechanisms change at different stages of trading relationship development.The matching governance mechanisms of trading relationships in the quasi-vertical integration model are conducive to locking bilateral investments in dedicated assets,establishing factor swaps and win-win benefit linkage mechanisms,which in turn save transaction costs and transfer the industry risks of farmers.(3)There were significant differences in the strength of trading characteristics on farmers’ choice of beef cattle industry organization model,and organizational satisfaction and organizational trust played a moderating or mediating role,respectively.Among them,when specialization increases,farmers tend to choose quasi-vertical integration model;when scale increases,farmers tend to choose production management contract model or quasi-vertical integration model;when risk increases,farmers tend to choose quasi-vertical integration model.Transaction characteristics have heterogeneous effects on the choice of beef cattle industry organization model for farmers with different operation scale and dominant beef cattle production areas.Organizational satisfaction positively moderates the effect of transaction characteristics(specialization,scale,and risk)on farmers’ choice of tightly integrated industrial organization model.Organizational trust plays a partially mediating role in the influence of transaction characteristics(specialization,scale,and risk)on farmers’ choice of tightly knit industrial organization model.(4)Different modes of beef cattle industry organization have different effects on the technical efficiency of beef cattle production by farmers.In terms of the contribution of different production factor inputs to the technical efficiency of beef cattle production,it is necessary to increase litter inputs,feed inputs,and labor inputs to effectively improve beef cattle production.In the short term,it is necessary to increase litter inputs,and in the long term,it is necessary to increase feed inputs and labor inputs.The technical efficiency of beef cattle production differs among farmers who choose different beef cattle industrial organization models and is influenced by the heterogeneity of the dominant beef cattle production areas.The impact of different beef cattle industry organization models on the technical efficiency of farmers’ production varies.Farmers’ choice of the market transaction model inhibits their production technical efficiency improvement,while the choice of the production management contract model can significantly improve production technical efficiency.(5)Different models of beef cattle industry organization have different effects on the total household income of farmers.Both the sales contract model and the production management contract model were able to significantly increase the level of total household income of farmers compared to the market transaction model.However,the quasi-vertical integration model did not have a significant advantage in increasing the total household income of farmers compared to the market transaction model.The beef cattle industry organization model had heterogeneous effects on farmers of different income levels,and the choice of the beef cattle industry organization model by farmers of different operation sizes also had heterogeneous effects on their total household income.Based on theoretical and empirical analyses,this study proposes the following policy recommendations: first,optimize the institutional environment for agricultural trade relations;second,vigorously support the development of a close industrial organization model for leading beef cattle production and processing enterprises that are "localized" and have a "local" connection with farmers;third,strengthen the capacity building of farmers themselves so that new business entities and small-scale farmers can form complementary and dedicated investments;fourth,the government should actively guide farmers to participate in industrial organization models with closer interest linkage mechanisms,to enhance farmers’ trust in and satisfaction with industrial organizations;fifth,a special beef cattle industry support fund should be set up to strengthen the supply capacity of beef cattle in the main production areas.