| Correct recognition of other people’s facial expressions is the key to social interaction,and this ability is the cornerstone of good social adaptation.The ability to recognize emotional signals from emotional faces(referred to as emotional recognition)is developed in early attachment contexts,and also has the characteristics of contextual dependence in adulthood,especially temporary changes in attachment contexts.With the shift of attachment research to social cognition area,more studies begin to focus on the changes of individual emotion recognition in attachment contexts,and explore the state and contextual sensitivity of individual emotion recognition in different attachment contexts,so as to investigate the potential risk factors and improvement approaches of individual emotion recognition.In attachment research,there are two kinds of attachment contexts: attachment threat and attachment security.Attachment priming refers to re-experiencing the feelings and thoughts of a specific attachment context in the past by inducing recall or cue in the laboratory.As for the influence of two types of attachment priming on individual emotion recognition,previous studies have achieved certain results,confirming that the attachment threat context inhibits individual emotion recognition ability,while the attachment security context has a broad improvement effect on emotion recognition.These findings confirm that emotion recognition is not an isolated process,but there is a significant attachment contextual dependence effect involved.However,there is a lack of systematic research on the influence of attachment priming on individual emotion recognition.According to the hypothesis of the dynamic activation model of attachment system,the attachment threat context may activate the individual’s attachment system,emotional arousal and attachment representation activation may be different pathways through which attachment context affects emotion recognition and its bias.Second,according to the hypothesis of the contextual congruence effect in emotional processing,individuals tend to show a processing bias towards emotional faces with congruent contextual valence,and this bias also hinders the recognition of emotional faces with inconsistent valence.Third,there is no evidence that attachment priming affects emotion recognition at the neural activity level.The bio-behavioral transition model assumes that the highly aroused state of individuals in the attachment threat context leads to the compromise of the prefrontal cortex function,and this temporary imbalance is considered to be the key to the impaired emotion recognition in the attachment threat context.The change of motivation state under attachment security priming may be one of the reasons why there are different conclusions about the influence of attachment security priming on emotion recognition.In this context,the individual’s motivational state may lead to the motivational attention bias of different valence faces.Finally,based on the view that individual attachment behavior features are both state and trait,individual attachment style may play a moderating role in the relationship between context priming and emotion recognition.Based on the analysis above,this paper intends to use the method of attachment context priming to construct the attachment context dependence model of emotion recognition from the perspective of context-individual-cue integration.Relying on behavior-electrophysiological-brain imaging techniques,three studies,in which nine experiments are included,are carried out in this paper,on the mechanism of attachment context affects the emotion recognition,the temporal characteristics of attachment context-face valence integration,and the neural activity basis of attachment context affecting emotion recognition,We mainly focus on three issues: 1)Explore the mechanism of attachment context affecting emotion recognition.2)To explore the effect of the integration of attachment context and emotional cues on early and late attentional processing of emotional cues.3)Based on the results of study 1 and 2,we further explore the neural basis and potential improvement approaches of the influence of attachment context on emotion recognition.Based on four behavioral experiments,we investigated the effects of attachment context priming on emotion recognition,and focused on the roles of emotional arousal and attachment representation activation in the context priming effect.The results of experiment 1 showed that attachment threat priming weakened emotional recognition,and negative emotions played a mediating role.The emotion recognition of high attachment avoiders was not affected by negative emotions.Experiment 2 found attachment threat context started to promote the recognition of negative face and inhibition of positive face recognition,a context the individual words to attachment negative interference with greater sensitivity,the sensitivity of ascension to confirm the activation of the corresponding attachment representation,but also strengthened this kind of words of positive interference of face recognition.People with high attachment anxiety especially show this characteristic.The results of Experiment 3showed that attachment security context induction improved individual emotion recognition.Only for individuals with low attachment anxiety and low attachment avoidance,this improvement effect was associated with the elevation of positive emotions.However,the effect of attachment security context priming on emotion recognition only appeared in the non-secure attachment individuals.The results of Experiment 4 showed that attachment security priming interfered with negative face recognition.Individuals showed greater sensitivity to positive attachment distractors,confirming that enhanced accessibility of positive attachment representations inhibited the processing of negative emotional faces.The higher the level of attachment anxiety,the greater the influence of attachment security context priming.From the perspective of emotion arousal and representation activation,study 1 confirmed that attachment threat priming had impaired and negative processing bias in emotion recognition,and attachment security priming had improved emotion recognition.Individual attachment style plays a moderating role in the contextual effect.In the second study,two ERP experiments(Experiment 5 and Experiment 6)were conducted to investigate the influence of attachment context priming on the early and late attentional processing of emotional face cues.The effect of attention-attachment priming on emotional processing and attention-attachment priming on attention-attachment priming and attention-attachment priming on attention-attachment priming and attention-attachment priming on attention-attachment priming was studied.The results of Experiment 5 showed that the valence of attachment cue and emotional face appeared consistent integration(larger P1 amplitude)as early as the perceptual processing stage.However,in the attachment threat priming condition,the processing of negative faces was more efficient(smaller N170 amplitude).In the late attentional processing stage,individuals’ persistent attention to emotional cues decreased after the initiation of attachment threat context(smaller LPP amplitude).The results of Experiment 6 showed that the effect of context priming on fuzzy face recognition mainly occurred in the middle and late stages of attentional processing.In the attachment threat context,the recognition of positive fuzzy faces required more cognitive effort(stronger N400 negative wave),and the motivational attention of fuzzy faces was decreased(smaller LPP amplitude)after the attachment threat context was primed.Study 2 showed that the integration effect of emotional face and context was reflected in the early and late attentional processing.In the early perceptual stage,the integration effect of attachment context and emotional face was moderated by top-down contextual activation expectation and bottom-up emotional cues.However,the effect of attachment threat priming on emotional face recognition in the late stage of attentional processing was characterized by a top-down reduction of motivational attention.Based on the results of study 1 and 2,study 3 further explored the neural basis and potential improvement approaches of the influence of attachment context priming on emotion recognition.In experiment 7,we examined the neural basis of the effect of attachment threat priming on emotion recognition.The results showed that the activation of default network and inhibition of salience network were the neural characteristics of this effect.Individuals showed strong rumination,which reduced the ability to switch between internal and external attention,and thus interfered with the external-goal oriented emotion recognition task.High attachment avoiders were more affected by this effect.In experiment 8,we investigated the neural basis of individuals’ preference to different emotional faces under attachment threat priming and the effect of oxytocin on the preference.The results showed that the brain regions involved in emotional conflict and response suppression were positively activated in positive face recognition under attachment threat priming,while these regions were deactivated in negative face recognition,which showed facilitation of negative face processing and obstruction of positive face processing.Oxytocin ameliorates this processing bias in the attachment threat context.Those with high attachment anxiety showed hypersensitivity to emotional faces because oxytocin enhanced the threat expectation of attachment threat cues.In experiment 9,we examined the neural basis of the effect of attachment security priming on face recognition with different motivational features.The results showed that attachment security priming enhanced the neural circuitry of emotional face recognition,and induced the tendency to approach positive faces and the tendency to avoid negative faces.This motivational attention bias affected the processing preference of emotional faces with different motivational features.The results of study 3 confirmed that the appropriation of cognitive resources by internal rumination in the attachment threat context was the neural basis of impaired emotion recognition,and the need for regulation caused by the conflict between emotional faces and emotional features of the context was the main factor affecting the emotion recognition bias.Oxytocin regulates emotion recognition bias in attachment threat by enhancing attentional bias to positive faces and inhibiting attentional bias to negative faces.There was similar motivational attention bias in emotion recognition bias under attachment security priming.Based on the results of nine experiments in the above three studies,this study draws the following conclusions:(1)The attachment threat scenario reduces the emotional recognition performance of individuals and leads to the processing bias of different emotional cues.Negative emotional arousal and activation of negative attachment representation are two potential pathways of this contextual effect.Attachment security context priming improved the accuracy of emotion recognition,while positive emotion arousal had limited mediating effect.This context activated secure attachment representation and inhibited the processing of negative faces.(2)The integration effect of emotional face and context in attachment priming was reflected in the early and late attentional processing.In the early perceptual stage,the consistency of the attachment context and the emotional face valence induced a larger P1 amplitude,which was moderated by the X top-down expectation of the context activation and the bottom-up emotional cues.The decrease of the N170 amplitude showed that the negative face showed a significant advantage of the context consistency processing.In the attachment threat context,there was a top-down decrease in motivational attention(LPP amplitude decreased)and a negative interpretation bias(N400 amplitude increased)for fuzzy faces in the later stage of attentional processing.(3)In the attachment threat context,the internal state of individuals is characterized by rumination,which is manifested by the activation of default network and deactivation of salient network.This state reduces the ability to switch between internal and external attention,and interferes with the external-goal oriented emotion recognition task.This is the neural basis of impaired emotion recognition under attachment threat priming.Attachment style was involved in the regulation of this process,high attachment avoidance showed alert-avoidance cognitive strategy,and emotional recognition ability was impaired to a greater extent by the influence of attachment threat context.(4)The difference in brain activity in cognitive regulation is the basis of neural activity of different emotional face recognition bias in attachment threat context.By enhancing attentional bias to positive emotion and inhibiting attentional bias to negative face,oxytocin ameliorated the attentional bias in attachment threat.(5)The neural circuitry of emotional face recognition was enhanced by attachment security priming.This context induces a tendency to approach positive faces and a tendency to avoid negative faces.The change of emotional conflict is the neural basis of this motivational attention bias.(6)Individual attachment style moderated the effect of attachment context priming on emotion recognition.These moderating effects are consistent with the hypothesis of attachment strategies commonly used by individuals with different attachment styles in the attachment context,confirming that the cognitive process of individuals in the attachment context is influenced by both the context and the long-term attachment style,indicating that the state and trait nature of attachment behavior coexist.Focusing on the influence of attachment context on emotion recognition,this paper constructed an attachment context dependence model of emotion recognition from the perspective of context-individual-cue integration by means of laboratory context priming.This paper has the following innovations: 1)Focusing on the stateliness and contextual sensitivity of attachment features,this paper discusses the stateliness of emotion recognition in attachment contexts with the help of the social cognitive experiment method of contextual priming and neuroimaging technology.2)Through internal emotion/representation activation and context-cue integration,we focused on the emotion recognition bias and its neural basis under attachment priming,and further revealed the nature of emotion recognition change in attachment context.This study confirmed the effect of oxytocin on emotion recognition bias,and confirmed the existence of motivational attention bias in the attachment security context through the face-avoidance interaction but not the static face.3)around the mechanism of action-time process-neural physiological basis,adjustment and attachment style,using questionnaire,event related potential measurement and neural activity measurement,combined with the use of physiological hormone,in a "context-individual-cues" integrated perspective,we explored the attachment context dependence model for emotion recognition.It is of great theoretical and practical significance to explore the influence of attachment context priming on emotion recognition.First,comprehensively and systematically understanding attachment context emotional arousal and cognitive deviation and other potential factors on the influence of emotion recognition,exploring attachment conext affect emotional recognition characteristics and neural activity in the basis of investigation,could help from the frame of "context-individual-emotional cues" to understand the individual’s emotion cognition characteristics in social context.It provides important empirical evidence for the research of attachment context effect and attachment context priming effect on emotion recognition.A contextual attachment dependency model for emotion recognition was constructed for the first time,which would not only deepen the researchers’ understanding of the mechanism of the attachment context priming effect,but also contributed to the verification of the situational plasticity of individual emotion cognition.Secondly,for the attachment under the context to start the emotion recognition towards investigation to verify the attachment theory about attachment internal working model(attachment representation)in the core of the guiding information processing bias hypothesis,the findings are the first to explore individual attachment representation activation of emotional attachment circumstances is face recognition bias,the valence of the attachment representation were further divided,it is confirmed that the emotional,cognitive and behavioral components of attachment representation work together in the subsequent cognitive process,which further confirms the theory of attachment internal working model.Again,verify the attachment behavior characteristics,dynamic and trait of hypothesis,for attachment style in attachment the proof of the moderation role in the priming effect,verify the cognitive process of individual attachment by the present context and long-term stability of attachment style combined impact of attachment theory further inheritance and development of dynamic and context dependent view of attachment behavior.The verification of these hypotheses contributed to the further expansion and deepening of attachment theory.Finally,in a practical sense,the results of this study reveal the influence of potential risk factors(such as strong negative emotion arousal or negative cognitive bias)on emotion recognition in attachment context,which can help to timely identify the causes of impaired emotional recognition ability of individuals in the context of negative attachment interaction and improve it.The results of this study also preliminatively explore relevant improvement approaches(such as activation of secure attachment representation or the positive effect of oxytocin),and these findings have certain reference and inspiration for the clinical mentalization based treatment of patients with emotional recognition disorders caused by attachment trauma experience(such as borderline personality disorder).For example,exposure therapy combined with emotion regulation training and cognitive deviation correction can be used to desensitize attachment traumatic situations,which is of great value for individuals to improve their social cognition and promote social adaptation. |
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