From "Conceptual Subject" To "Species Subject": Marx’s Transcendence Over Hegel

"Freedom" or "liberation" is an important stipulation and content of the concept of "subject" or "subjectivity",which can only be understood as a possible measure of negating the real subject.For this important issue,Hegel believes that the freedom of "subject" or "subjectivity" is the important principle of the modern world,but he finally uses the highest form of idealism of "conceptual subject" to speculate and summarize the tendency of "the realization and humanization of God"(from Feuerbach)since pre Locke’s 17 th century Naturalism(even earlier Renaissance).Therefore,the essence of freedom or liberation of the subject must be covered in the "holy image" of God,which makes it an independent entity force and cannot be revealed.In this regard,Marx explicitly criticizes that religion is that the subject has not yet acquired(or lost)his own self-consciousness.Therefore,in order to reveal the essence of freedom or liberation of the subject from religion,we must first criticize religion,so the criticism of religion is the premise of other criticism.However,"the illusion of situation" presented by religion comes from "the situation of illusion".Therefore,after exposing the subject’s “holy image " of self-alienation,the task of history is to expose the " self-alienation of unholy image".Only by revealing the "sum of social relations" of the subjects hidden in religion and discussing the generation of"species nature" in the negative direction of "transforming the world",can the freedom or liberation of the subject be thoroughly clarified.The fact is that "free conscious activity" is the class characteristic of the subject,and the subject should regard itself as a kind of universal and free social existence.Therefore,according to the above-mentioned critical path from religious criticism to social criticism,the "species subject " transcends the "conceptual subject",and finally clarifies and establishes the subject’s concept of freedom or liberation.In order to demonstrate the critical transcendence of "species subject" over "conceptual subject" and to thoroughly reveal and establish the essence of freedom or liberation of subject,this paper first attempts to elaborate the historical formation of the naturalization,spiritualization and humanization of God in "conceptual subject".This paper points out the dilemma of collectivization and materialization of the subject,and reflects on the "conceptual subject" from the perspective of religious criticism to social criticism,so as to clarify the freedom of the subject.On this basis,we also sort out the modern and contemporary western philosophy’s reflection on the concept of "subject" freedom,so as to reflect on Marx’s philosophy’s elaboration of "conceptual subject".Because the essence of freedom or liberation depends on the subject which is an important "real material"(from Hegel)to make it present,they are summarized as "whole subject" and "entity subject" according to the two dilemmas of Hegel’s "conceptual subject".This paper also makes a correspondence with Marx’s "individual subject" and "social subject" of "Species Subject",especially focuses on the latter’s criticism and transcendence of the former,that is,"Individual subject" criticizes the principle of "unitization" of "all subjects" and the thinking of "species";social subject transcends "entity ethics" and "abstract unity" of "entity subject" The reason why we define "species nature" in this way is that "species",as a group concept,takes "individual" as the premise of its existence and development.It is also a social combination of real individuals and a "history of individual development".However,in the process of focusing on the transcendence of "class subject" over "conceptual subject",there is a very critical basic or premise way,that is,the thinking of practical point of view(and the "class" formed on this basis),as well as "negative dialectics" and "concrete unity",Thus,the freedom or liberation of the subject can be finally established in the negative sense of these foundations and premises.On the basis of the above important content,finally we also put forward Marx’s "free man union" to the subject of the liberation of the in-depth demonstration.There are two reasons for this: First,in the structure of content,the liberation of the subject is the freedom of the subject,and it corresponds to the freedom of the subject as discussed above;Second,in the sense of content,the "free man union" is actually the expression of social self-criticism or self-denial that makes religious criticism thorough.It is the total social relations of the liberating nature of the clear subject,and also the dialectical synthesis and overview of the "individual subject" and "social subject" described above.In fact,social self-criticism or self-denial is a "meta-valueless" society established in order to eliminate the "meta-value" coercion that makes the society established and the class division and struggle caused by it.Among them,the communism emphasized by Marx is actually the "free man union" which represents the liberation of the real subject.The emancipation of the subject and the integration of the total social relations is actually a kind of social justice.Of course,for the liberation of the subject in the association itself,it is actually the positive sublation of the subject’s self-alienation,as Marx said,and also the "free personality" as he said in the third form of subject liberation.It is also the kind of compatible and parallel,independent equality type essence between subjects,which includes each subject and its liberation and other subjects and their liberation into the preconditions and conditions of each other’s liberation.From the above argument,we can draw the following conclusions: First,the freedom or liberation of the subject is a possible measure of negative significance based on the practical activity of "changing the world",that is,thorough social self-criticism.In other words,only on this basis,the subject can present its own negative,possibility,unlimited free liberation nature.Second,the essence of freedom and liberation of the subject is not a substantive force separated from the "sum of social relations",but the key basis for examining and defining human freedom and liberation itself in such social relations.This is because,in reality,the liberating nature of the subject is not an "abstraction" or "universality" inherent in a single individual,but "the sum of all social relations".The total social relations are created by practice,so the freedom and liberation of the subject is established in the practical social relations.Third,the essence of freedom and liberation of the subject can be finally restored and demonstrated only in the sum of social relations formed and presented by the " free man association",which is the mutual premise and purpose of the individual freedom and liberation of others.