Phylogeography Of Pinus Bungeana Based On Nuclear Genes

Pinus bungeana Zucc. ex Endlicher, belonging to Pinaceae, is endemic to China, and the only pine with three needles in east Asian. The specie is found in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Henan, Sichuan, Hubei provinces, and have small populations with limited numbers. In this study, multiple nuclear genes were used to analyse molecular phylogeography for Pinus bungeana. And the results implied to its conservation strategies.Four nucleotide DNA fragments (lp3-3,ferritin,sod-chl,ppapl2) were selected to screen sequence variation of 48 individuals in 12 populations. We aimed to identify the geographical distribution of haplotype patterns, their relationships, and the possible refugia during the Quaternary glacial period.The results show that:(1)15 haplotypes is found in total. Nueleotide diversity (Pi) on species level is 0.00148, haplotype diversity(Hd) is 0.845. The genetic diversity on population is 0.65278. Genetic differentiation among population(Fst) is 0.42518. The estimates of interpopulations differentiation is high (GST=0.239,NST=0.408).A significant phylogeography structure is present (NST>GST)(2) Tajima'sD(-0.62068) and Fu and Li'sD(-0.50924) test are negative,show that the population do not reject neutral evolution hypothesis.(3) According to the geographical distribution of nucleotide DNA haplotype, we speculated that there were several refugia in the middle of Qinling,Qinling-Daba Mountains and Lvliang Mountains during the Quaternary ice age.We postulated that Pinus bungeana expanded on a large-scale at the end of ice age.