Review On Resistance And Relative Fitness Of Housefly

Housefly(Musca domestica)is a worldwide health pests,which can be transmitted more than 65 kinds of human and animal intestinal diseases.This pest is not only a serious threat to human health,but also to the livestock industry has caused tremendous economic losses.Over the years,both at home and abroad,the prevention and treatment of Musca domestica has used the means of chemical control as the main measures.Due to reproduce prolifically of Musca domestica and have a stronger ability to adapt to the environment,besides human use medicine frequently recently,so the housefly in many countries and regions has produced varying degrees of resistance to a variety of chemical pesticides.It was reported that in some regions,the housefly resistance to the beta-cypermethrin has reached as much as 1412 times.The developing resistance has caused great difficulties to the housefly control.At present,due to increase of resistance,in order to further control houseflies,they need to increase doses of pesticide,which would cause a result that lead to pollution of the environment and have an adverse impact for humans and animals and natural enemies.With a large number of synthetic pyrethroid pesticides promoting to use,the resistance to this pesticides has become an increasingly prominent problem.By 1990,there are at least 50 species of insects and mites on pyrethroid resistance pharmaceutical produced.It is reported that the use of pyrethroids in agriculture,pharmaceutical four years later,it emerged resistance.Housefly resistance to the pyrethroid class has become a world problem.In recent years,many countries have launched a housefly on the survey of pyrethroid resistance.Since 1980 when has started using pyrethroids in China,Housefly resistance to such pesticides is increasing. In 1983,the resistance of houseflies to deltamethrin increased 4617 times compared with 1982,in 1984 enhanced to 50413 times,in 1985 reached 226512 times. Beta-cypermethrin(beta-cypermethrin)is a light stability of the pyrethroid.In 1988,China's synthesized the product first.Because of its down fast,lethal and strong,holding a good effect on the characteristics of low mammalian toxicity,it is widely used to control pests.In 2006 this insectiside has been listed as an important item on the health prevention and control vector by WHO ( World Health Organization).In order to understand housefly resistance to beta-cypermethrin on the occurrence and development of the law,we used the method in room to study the resistance of housefly to beta-cypermethrin in the laboratory during breeding course.The pest resistance breeding in room is an important research tool.Its main purpose is through the breeding in room,to obtain the Musca domestica with the resistant against beta-cypermethrin,to explore the formation of pyrethroid resistance on the housefly,genetic patterns as well as cross-resistance to other insecticides.Under the continuous action of beta-cypermethrin,after 22 generations of breeding,sensitive strains of housefly in a relatively short period of time will produce a higher resistance to the kinds of chemical pesticides,to formate resistant strains,which resistance factor achieved 104-fold.The occurrence and development of Housefly resistance is essentially the result of housefly populations with insecticide resistance genes to make directional choices of individual.The greater of selective pressure,the faster of the development of resistance.To delay the emergence of Musca domestica drug-resistant,establish the scientific and reasonable management measures of the resistance development and provide a scientific basis for the more effective prevention and control of Musca domestica.Besides,it is reported that insect resistance and its relationship with the relevant enzyme activity at home and abroad,however the effects of beta-cypermethrin for the three housefly common enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase(AChE), catalase(CAT), glutathione S-transferase(GST)are few reported.To further improve the study of the mechanism of housefly resistance to cypermethrin and discuss the relevant mechanism of cypermethrin,in this experiment,the incubation obtained for the test insect resistant strains of Musca domestica.By measuring the CAT,AChE and GST activity changes,analysis of the pesticide on CAT,AChE and GST activity in rats and its mechanism for the prevention and treatment of Musca domestica to provide more adequate theory.In the resistance training process,under the action of the pesticide dose of 0.1mg/ml,three kinds of enzyme activity were increased in varying degrees.In the selection to 18 generations,AChE activity increased from the sensitive system 1.062U/mgprot to19.331U/mgprot;In the selection to 18 generations,GST activity increased from the initial 171.77U/mgprot to 611.814U/mgprot.Furthermore,the studies of the resistance mechanism of housefly from the perspective of resistance and fitness are very few.Since Morris and Miler introducted the insect life table tothe study of natural population change,the life table analysis has become an important method to study the effect of environmental factors on insect population changes,and the population growth index was used as an indicator of the number of changes.Use the life table techniques to study the resistance of housefly is an attempt to study resistance mechanisms from the view of the fitness point.It is important for resistance control and prevention and control the housefly.Starting from the ecology of this paper work,we observed the change of the comprehensive laboratory rearing in appropriate experimental conditions,we also used life-table method to compare the resistant strains'the characteristics of the ecological life with the sensitive strains,discusses the growth and development of cypermethrin on house fly and population dynamics,analysis of resistant strains of the relative fitness of resistant and resistant strains of the relationship between biological characteristics, provide a theoretical basis for the resistance management.Finally,to study in the absence of selection pressure housefly resistance development of changes,a housefly resistance to recession has conducted experiments and observation.In the absence of selection pressure,housefly resistance will naturally decline,resistance coefficient from the cultivation of resistant strains of 102.9159,after nearly 50 generations without any selective pressure of incubation,the resistance coefficient decreased to 1.6136,close to the sensitive strain state.Resistance to degradation by the natural dilution of the law to explore the development of resistance to the development of resistance management measures to provide a reference.