| Plastic mulching and straw mulching are two kinds of highly effective and water-saving technology of cultivation, which have distinctive function to change the quality of soil surface and energy balance,and to regulate soil temperature and soil moisture ,fulfilling the purpose of improving economic yield and the rate of water utilization and reducing water evaporation. This article mainly studied the effects of water and physiological effect of winter wheat and plastic film mulching and straw mulching on growth and development physiological, ecological characteristics and output of maize. The results will be able to offer the theoretic basis to improving growth and growth and development physiological, ecological characteristics and output of plastic film mulching and straw mulching in Guanzhong area.The experiment was conducted on NO.1 Station in Northwest University of Agriculture and Forestry. The crops used in the experiment are Xinong979 (winter wheat) and Nongda108 (summer maize).The field experiment comprises three treatments. Some main conclusions of the study on water and physiological effect of winter wheat with plastic film mulching and effects on maize of growth and growth and development physiological, ecological characteristics and output of plastic film mulching and straw mulching can be summarized as follows:1.Water watergathering of different wheat treatments: watergathering of plastic film mulching was effective, and the soil moisture storage of winter wheat with plastic film mulching of 0 to 50 cm during reviving stage and jointing stage increased 6.1mm and 5.2mm compared with conventional flat planting, the soil moisture storage of plastic film mulching of harvesting time measured 27.2mm higher than conventional flat planting; and increased 2.3mm , 2.9mm and 12.2mm compared with film mulching. Analysis reason should that plastic film mulching could inhibit soil water evaporation and retain soil moisture effectively .On the other hand, because of effective superposition function of rainwater ,smooth ridge surface could accumulate finite rainwater to wheat root in maximum. During harvesting time water content of plastic film mulching treatment were the highest, and it showed that plastic film mulching had none excessive soil water consumption effect.2. Effect on wheat flag leaves chlorophyll content and decreased MDA content of different treatments: compared with conventional flat planting and film mulching treatments, plastic film mulching treatments increased the chlorophyll content and decreased MDA content, senescence of winter wheat was prevented in some extent.3. Effect on wheat yield and WUE of different treatments: the results demonstrated that though plastic film mulching treatments decreased sowing area and ear number of winter wheat, yield estimation showed higher 1000-grain and average grains per spike, the yield of plastic film mulching increased yield of conventional flat planting 1472.10kg/hm2, increased by 19.3%, WUE of it was higher than that of conventional flat planting.4. Determination results of soil temperature showed that difference between different treatments was not distinct. Soil temperature of 0~10cm changed greatly, which affected much by air temperature. Soil temperature of plastic film mulching treatment was higher than other treatments. The changing trend of 0~20cm soil temperature was similar as that 0~10cm, but was much stable. Soil temperature was affected differently by mulching mode in different soil layer, it was affected less in deeper layer, and it decreased gradually in deeper soil layer of the same treatment. Plastic film mulching improved the average soil temperature. Straw mulching obviously restrained soil temperature. Soil temperature of traditional cultivation changed greatly, which affected much by air temperature. Temperature difference of soil layer of straw mulching treatment was relatively less than that of plastic film mulching treatment.5. During different stage, the water content of different soil layers was different. The water content of the upper soil was higher than subsoil during seeding stage. Water content increased gradually from 0cm to 140cm, and it increased to maximum; from 140cm to 200cm water content decreased gradually in small amount. Crop water requirements were greatly during seeding stage and jointing stage ,while plastic film mulching showed great advantage, water content and soil water storage of 0~200cm were higher than that of traditional cultivation; water content difference among straw mulching and traditional cultivation was not distinct, but soil water storage was higher than that of traditional cultivation obviously. During heading stage and mature stage, water content difference between plastic film mulching and straw mulching and traditional cultivation was not distinct, but soil water storage difference was still obvious, which showed that plastic film mulching and straw mulching still had effect of moisture conservation. Effect of moisture conservation of plastic film mulching was not obvious as earlier growing stage, while that of straw mulching increased.6. During heading stage and spinning stage, diurnal changes of Pn was different from 10:30 to 14:30, Pn of plastic film mulching and straw mulching treatment were higher than that of traditional cultivation treatment; the difference of Pn was not obvious in pm. Tr of maize leaf of plastic film mulching and straw mulching treatment was obviously reduced, especially after 12:00. Before 11:30, diurnal changes of Gs showed as: plastic film mulching >CK> straw mulching, and after 11:30 that showed as: plastic film mulching >straw mulching>CK; maximum of three treatments appeared at about 14:30, while the Gs difference between three treatments was greatest. Before 12:30, Gs of straw mulching treatment changed quickly, after 12:30 the change trend of Gs of three treatments was similar. Average Gs of plastic film mulching and straw mulching treatment were 36.6% and 26.9% higher than that of traditional cultivation treatment respectively. The change of chlorophyll content of different treatments showed as single peak curve, chlorophyll content increased to maximum, that of traditional cultivation treatment was lower than other treatments and degradation speed was quickly after anthesis, while that of two mulching treatments kept higher level.7. The difference of plant height between plastic film mulching and straw mulching treatments and traditional cultivation were not very distinct before jointing stage of summer maize. Starting from jointing stage, plant height of each treatment increased very quickly, and the difference between plastic film mulching and straw mulching treatments and traditional cultivation were distinct. Plant height of every treatment increased to the maximum during heading stage. The diversification of leaf area of different treatments showed as single peak curve. The diversification of leaf area of two mulching treatments showed as, difference between plastic film mulching and straw mulching treatments and traditional cultivation in growth earlier stage were not distinct, however leaf area increased quickly and were obviously higher than that of traditional cultivation, and leaf area of mulching treatments still maintain larger area during filling stage and decreased little during later growth stage; that of traditional cultivation decreased obviously, as much as 8.31%.8. Dry matter accumulation of each treatment was relatively less before jointing stage. During seeding stage, dry matter accumulation of two mulching treatments was less than that of traditional cultivation. After jointing stage, dry matter accumulation of two mulching treatments was higher than that of traditional cultivation, and that of plastic film mulching increased very quickly. During mature stage dry matter accumulation of two mulching treatments were 16.33% and 12.53% higher than that of traditional cultivation respectively. Grains weight shared the maximum proportion during mature stage, as 50%-54%; the second was stem, accounted for 20.1%~23%;leaf accounted for 10.1%~12.3%, leaf sheath accounted for 5.6%~7.0%,other parts accounted for 5.1%~13.3%。9. Maize ear characters of different treatments were obviously different. Difference of ear length was greatest. Analysis of variance showed that ear length difference among mulching treatments and traditional cultivation treatment was extremely remarkable(F=10.02 , P<0.01). Ear length showed: plastic film mulching >straw mulching>CK. Difference of row grains was second great, difference among mulching treatments and traditional cultivation treatment was remarkable(F=6.48,P<0.01). Difference of ear diameter and number of rows per ear was less, which showed that they were affected little.Yield difference of different treatments was remarkable. The yield of plastic film mulching and straw mulching treatment are 9081.818kg/hm2,8562.857 kg/hm2 respectively, and that of traditional cultivation treatment was 7265.455kg/hm2, the yield increase rate of two mulching treatments were 25.0% and 17.8% respectively.
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