Effects Of Long-term Located Fertilization On Characteristics Of Growth And Physiology, Grain Yield And Grain Quality

Based on 17-year long-term located experiment plots in Weakly Developed Red Soil Paddy,eight fertilizer treatments,which were no fertilization(CK),only application of inorganic fertilizers(including three treatments of 1/2NPK,NPK,3/2NPK) and mixed application of organic-inorganic fertilizers(including mixed application of NPK and straw manure(NPK+SM),mixed application of NPK and double straw manure(NPK+2SM), mixed application of NPK and pig manure(NPK+PM),mixed application of NPK and green manure(NPK+GM)),were used to investigate the effects of only application of different amount inorganic fertilizer and mixed application organic-inorganic on the character of rice growth and physiology,grain yield and grain quality.The research could provide reasonable fertilizer level and appropriate types of organic fertilizer to rice production in red soil region,so offered theoretical foundation of increasing crop productivity.The preliminary results showed that,1.Effect of long-term located fertilization on topsoil nutrient,on paddy soil The organic matter,total nutrient,total phosphorus alkali-hydrolyzed N and available phosphorus have respectively increased by 4.49%-29.78%,8.72%-33.42, 3.27%-37.85%,10.49%-34.52%,9.93%-112.72%in long-term located different fertilization treatments.The organic matter and total nutrient of the treatment of NPK+2SM were highest than other treatments.The total phosphorus and available phosphorus of the treatment of NPK+PM and the alkali-hydrolyzed N of NPK+GM were highest than other treatments.2.Effect of long-term located fertilization on agronomic characterThe treatments of Mixed Application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers could increase aboveground plant height and the number of tillers.The ear bearing tilling percentage and the number of effective tillers of all mixed application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers were 76.86%-77.71%and 208.00-225.60×10⁴/hm² and the ear bearing tilling percentage and the number of effective tillers of only application of inorganic fertilizers were 73.64%-74.35%and 188.52-196.80×10⁴/hm².The ear bearing tilling percentage of rice and the number of effective tillers of the treatment of NPK+GM were highest.Ear bearing tilling percentage of rice has a significant positive relationship with yield.The formula was y=372.091x-23173(R²=0.7945^**).The leaf area index of all fertilization treatments in the whole growth period were higher than CK and the treatments of Mixed Application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers,especially the treatment of NPK+GM,could maintain higher leaf area index than other treatments.All the treatments of Mixed Application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers and the treatment of 3/2NPK,especially the treatment of NPK+GM,,have more dry matter accumulation than other treatments.Dry matter accumulation of early rice in heading-maturing stage has a significant positive relationship with yield.The formula was y=-5.046x+1654.082(R²=0.9082^**).The treatments of Mixed Application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers have more amount of amount of remobilization and accumulation,from the preanthesis stored assimilates of the vegetative to grain,more amount of post anthesis transferring into grain,which was effective to increase rice yield.3.Effect of long-term located fertilization on physiological characterAll the treatments of Mixed Application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers could delay decomposition of the chlorophyll SPAD value of functional leaves of rice in late stages after full-heading stage,especially the treatment of NPK+GM in early rice and the treatment of NPK+PM in late rice.Compares with the treatment of CK,long-term different fertilization treatments could increase soluble protein content,and inhibit the increase of MDA content in filling stage.The treatment of mixed using green manure and inorganic fertilizer(NPK+GM) has the slowest decline rates of soluble protein content,reducing 1.30 mg/g every day and the slowest increased rate of MDA content,increasing 1.04nmol/g every day.4.Effect of long-term located fertilization on the grain quality and the dynamic change of related indicators accumulationThe grain filling rate of all treatments was fast in 11-15 days after full-heading stage than other stage.Compare to the treatments of Mixed Application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers the treatments of CK and only application of inorganic Fertilizers have faster grain filling rate before 15d after full-heading stage,so these treatments have higher grain stage in the stage than others.With the grain filling,the grain filling rate was reduced gradually,but the reduction of the treatments of Mixed Application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers was slower than other treatments,so the treatments of Mixed Application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers could maintain a high grain filling rate.The 1000-grain weight of the treatments of Mixed Application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers,especially the treatment of NPK+GM,was gradually higher than the treatments of only application of inorganic Fertilizers.Compared with the treatment of CK,long-term located different fertilization treatments could improve rice quality.In terms of brown rice percentage and milled rice percentage,the treatment of 3/2NPK was highest in early rice and the treatment of NPK+2SM was highest in late rice.The treatments of Mixed Application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers could reduce chalkiness degree of rice and amylase content of milled rice,increase protein content of milled rice.The chalkiness degree of the treatment of NPK+GM was highest in early rice and the treatment of NPK+PM was highest in late rice.The treatment of NPK+PM had highest protein content of milled rice in early and late rice.The treatment of NPK+GM had highest amylase content of milled rice in early rice and the treatment of NPK+2SM had highest amylase content of milled rice in late rice.Amylase accumulation rate of all treatments were maximum in 11-15 days after full-heading stage.The treatments of Mixed Application of Organic-inorganic Fertilizers and the treatment of 3/2NPK,especially the treatment of NPK+GM,could reduce amylase accumulation and have lower average amylase accumulation rate.5.Effect of long-term located fertilization on grain yield,yield component of rice,protein yield of milled rice and amylase yield of milled riceYield-increasing effect of the treatments of mixed application' of organic-inorganic Fertilizers was better than only application of inorganic,especially the treatment of NPK+GM in early rice and the treatment of NPK+PM in late rice.Mixed application of Organic-inorganic fertilizers has more effect on Panicle number,1000·grain weight,grain number per panicle and protein yield of milled rice.6.Effect of long-term located fertilization on nutrient accumulation and nutrient harvest index in maturity stageCompared with the treatment of CK,long-term located different fertilization treatments could increase N,P,K accumulation of straw and grain of rice in maturity stage, which was effective to increase rice yield and...