Value Of E-Tracking Technology In Evaluating Vascular Endothelial Function In Smokers

In recent years, along with the low age of the smoking and the increasing number of smoking, It is more and more valuble of smoking that the disease people healthily result for national and the people. Many medical reserchers carried on the reserches extensively in the smoking with the result that the paroxysm research of the pathologic physiology mechanism relation. The endothelial dysfunction resulting from nicotine is the main reason. The dysfunction has been thought connected with following factors: 1,Nicotine reduces the endothelium oxidize and arouse. 2,Nicotine promotes the expression of endothelial cell factor. 3 ,Nicotine increases the expression of endothelial attaching molecule. 4,Nicotine increases the endothelium languish. 5,Nicotine induces endothelial gene expression change. 6,Nicotine represses the migration of the endothelium. 7,Nicotine influences metabolizing to the fat. 8,Nicotine induce the sugar base of output later period turn eventually outcome to endothelial toxicity function. In the last few years, the domestic and international people have done a great deal of research in smoking and the endothelial dysfunction. such as: Apply ultrasonography measureses activity of the brachial artery FMD. Numerous researches show that smoking is the independent dangerous factor of the coronary, so the relation that smoking cigarette hardens the coronary, the atherosclerosis is paid attention to by the people increasingly. The endothelial dysfunction is the earlier period affairs of atherosclerosis and have promoted the function to the occurrence development of the atherosclerosis. Since toward the method of the endothelial function is to create hurtful, limitting in the application on the clinic; But apply the super voice of high resolution to measure the brachial artery FMD activity in recent years etc. have the weakness of complications, time-consuming etc. My section has been reasearching smoke cigarette with the endothelial dysfunction from the beginning of 2004. making use of the E-Tracking technique examinates the group of smoking and the normal matched control group carotid artery, the constringency of the brachial artery expected to be diameter systolation (Ds), diameter dilation (Dd), pressure-strain elasticity modulus (E ρ), stiffness parameter (β) and arterial compliance (AC) etc. The data to evaluate the endothelial function condition and the earlier period atherosclerosis degree. This experiment applies an E-Tracking of the high frequence technique solid the hour follows the copy to record a pair of artery with the total sides of carotid artery. the side brachial artery moving track that tube of the wall is as one the pleases to the move the period, measure, analyse each of the carotid artery, the artery of observation of constringency expect is diameter systolation (Ds), diameter dilation (Dd), pressure-strain elasticity modulus (Eρ), stiffness parameter (β) and arterial compliance (AC), application E-Tracking the value that the technique evaluate smoking the big and apparent pathological changes of sufferer carry on the further study. The income parameter carries on smoking groups and the normal matched control compare and among of smoking groups. The result handles with the SAS software package, the result for get is as follows:Ds and Dd: There was no significant difference, (P>0.05); The Eρand β: The smoke cigarette is higher than the normal, there was significant difference (p<0.05). The differences between teams have significant difference; (p<0.01). AC: Smoking group each one shows the lower than control, the difference has significant defference; (p<0.05) There was significant difference between the smoking cigarette; (p<0.01) This experiment result enunciation application E-Tracking technique can discover the change of blood vessel of smoking, and is simple method that evaluates the endothelial function condition and the atherosclerosis degree in early days. In recent years, the domestic and international people have done a great deal of research in smoking on endothelial dysfunction, numerous researches show that smoking is an independently dangerous factor of cardiovascular, and atherosclerosis, so smoking should be paid attention to by the people increasingly with the relation among coronary, atherosclerosis and smoke. The endothelial dysfunction is the earlier period affairs of atherosclerosis, have to start to move and promote the function to the occurrence development of atherosclerosis. In the process of inquiry into the cardiovascular disease outbreak mechanism, endothelium was subjected to the value gradually, and become the focus that studies the work, rising in not whole outbreaks mechanisms of atherosclerosis, endothelial function inside the research confirms the important cause of disease function[34]. And discover that atherosclerosis is in accordance with the coronary artery the afferent reflection inside an artery of excrescent hour of the endothelial function[35]. The endothelium not only is the importantnatural cover of the peaceful slippery muscle of blood in the blood vessel, but also have the endocrine function, can synthesize and release living material of important living creature include endothelin-1 and nitric oxide etc., endothelium is the comfortable piece of the blood vessel of maintenance, repress the blood platelets of gathering the peaceful slippery muscle propagates to all have the important function, damaged endothelium will cause endothelium dependence activity die down, the blood bolts the formation and inside the film propagate, endothelial function develops with the occurrence of the some and cardiovascular disease unusually closely related, is an importance in atherosclerosis earlier period index sign, currently think atherosclerosis (AS) formation and the fat is gradually, endothelium damaged, endothelial function decrease, the blood platelets sticks to attaching the gathering, inflammatory of cell is gradually, reactive oxygen species hurt, the afferent and smooth muscle propagate, move and the partial blood bolt to become several function. But in these factors, the endothelium is damaged with endothelial dysfunction and the decreasing is to promote the AS occurrence started to move the importment factor with development. The technique of E-Tracking is a new echo examing way made by Aloka company in 2003. This technique is to pass a new check method to an examination of artery, to judge endothelial function. E-Tracking technique passes the radio frequency signal phase shift method to compute and measure to take care of the wall for solid hour move of a kind of method. Under the mode of B/M, to the constringency expect, the comfortable piece expect of hour of theafferent wall sport produce mutually is partial to move the signal to carry on collecting the analysis, the solid hour follows, copies to record the afferent wall moving track, passing the parameter that the analytical software calculation within instrument correspond (the constringency expects to be diameter systolation (Ds), diameter dilation (Dd), pressure-strain elasticity modulus (Eρ), stiffness parameter (β) and arterial compliance (AC), in order to carry on the valuation to the function that the artery takes care of the wall. This research shows: Normal matched control, smoking group I, smoking group II and smoking group III have no difference in diameter in carotid and brachial artery ,(Pall>0.05), the hint to the smoking's endothelial function obstacle inside the blood vessel that can cause to show significant difference over a long period of time, but the function of the afferent and smooth muscle cell often combine no difference, the endothelial dysfunction is earlier than atherosclerosis. But the Eρvalue, theβvalue shows go up with the increment time of smoking; The AC value shows low increment time along with smoking. The sufferer of has already existed the atherosclerosis before afferent appearance learn change, will aggravate the degree of the atherosclerosis along with the aggrandizement of the smoking quantity and the growth of the smoke ages. The endothelium is the main cell of the body to synthesize on oxidizing nitrogen, nicotine results to decrease the oxidizing nitrogen after endothelium is damaged[36], To be a factor of endothelium, on oxidizing the nitrogen to not only is maintain the blood vessel normal comfortable function of contract and distole, but also still repress thelist pit cell and blood plateletses to inside the glue of endothelium attaches the gathering, repressing the afferent and smooth muscle cell to propagate the function[37]. And NO is inside many antigens of the endothelium the one who hardens the function to lead, can repress to glue the expression of attach the member[38]. Lack to cause the blood vessel extend the function while oxidizing the nitrogen lowly, appear in the endothelial function obstacle. nicotine can make endothelium super oxygen anion increment, the activity the of NO descend, increasing wreath to oxidize dependence the of the the enzeme and the non-dependence the peanuts at the same time the sour creation, injure inside a function of the endothelial dependence. Moreover the NO creation reduce and/or a function obstacle is also the important outbreak mechanism of the cerebral spasm. The nicotine can increase to release endothelium blood platelets source growth factor BB, thus causing endothelium framework change, making its function damaged. The earlier period characteristic of atherosclerosis is a list to check the cell with the endothelial cell glues to attach, among them gluing to attach the member since the important function. The Clinical research detection[40], the smoker blood plasma cell glues to intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM)-1) The first show significant difference, and smoke the quantity to present everyday just related. Smoking increases the endothelium languish, induces endothelial the gene expression change, increases three ester the levels of blood plasma LDL-C and glycerin, lowers level of HDL-C, accelerates the formation of the ox-LDL and promotes neutrocity cell and blood plateletses to come together, the smooth muscle cell propagate,carrying the fat foam cell to sink to accumulate, the further acceleration atherosclerosis, making the artery conformance (AC) descend[41]. The Pass to repress endothelium migration cause the delay to the result in endothelium remould the inside the migration of the endothelium not complete, thus relieve the contact to repress the appearance, the making damaged endothelial function[42], and smoking changes the composing of the blood lipid, reducing the HDL but increasing the low density lipoproteim (LDL), and making lipid lead oxidize, making level of LDL of oxidize the modifier increase high, to damage the endothelium function and rise AS of the important function in the formation, promote artery harden taking place the development. Above-mentioned various factor causes pressure-strain elasticity modulus (Eρ) and stiffness parameter (β) go up through a comprehensive function, then accelerating the progress of the atherosclerosis. In a word, the smoking crowd exist the obvious endothelial dysfunction and the quantity of and the age of smoking is bigger, the damage is more severity. Since toward the method of the endothelial function inside the examination blood vessel is to pass to create hurtful pipe technique to complete, limitting in the application on the clinic; In blood check the blood examination that the aspect grows the one still and neither up to the present can make sure normally of the endothelial function or discovered in early days inside the endothelial function abnormality. But apply in recent years super voice of high resolution measurement the brachial artery FMD activity etc. technique have the weakness of operation complications,...