Studies On The Saponins And Bioactivities From The Fruit Of Panax Quinquefolium L.

The ripe fruits of Panax quinquefolium L. were studied in this paper. It was a kind of pulpy drupelet with glossy. It was green in the initial stage and then was bright or dark red in the mature stage. The peels taste a little bitter, sweet and sour, while the seeds taste a little bitter and fishy. The florescence of Panax quinquefolium is from June to July. The maturation period of fruits is from August to September.The fruits of Panax quinquefolium contained many kinds of components such as saponins, polysaccharides, essential oil, amino acids, fatty acids, polyacetylene, flavonoids, sterols, inorganic elements and so on. Among of them, saponins were the main active ingredient. According to the reports, saponins had the activities of anti-tumor, myocardial protection, hypoglycemic, anti-oxidation and enhanced memory, ect.The previous researches mainly concentrated on the root of Panax quinquefolium but few on the fruit. In order to fully utilize of resources and enhance the economic value of American ginseng, a deep study on chemical composition and biological activity of the fruit of Panax quinquefolium were carried on in this thesis.The following aspects are the investigation in this paper:1. A literature review about the chemical composition and biological activity of the fruits of American ginseng and ginseng were given. There are lots of same saponins in them, such as ginsenoside Rg3, Rh2, Rh1, Re, Rg1, etc. Furthermore, the differences between them are also reported. Pseudo-ginsenoside F11, ginsenoside F1, quinqueoside F1, F2, F3, F4 were separated only from the fruits of American ginseng.2. The research on the total saponin of the fruit of Panax quinquefoliumThe total saponins were extracted and separated from the fruit of Panax quinquefolium by using modern extraction and separation technology. Firstly, the American ginseng fruits were soaked with water. Secondly, the solution was added on macroporous resin. The resin was eluted with water and ethanol in turn. The ethanol solution part was collected and retrieved solvent to get the dried product. The content of the total saponins were above 55%. The results showed that the production of extracting the total saponins was stable, the extraction rate was high. The purpose of industrial production was reached.3. The separation of monomer ginsenosideBy using repeated silica gel column chromatography, C18 reversed-phase column chromatography, HPLC preparation and recrystallization, nine monomer ginsenosides were obtained. And the structures of them were identified with physico-chemical property, TLC and spectrum analysis(1H-NMR,13C-NMR,HMQC,HMBC). Nine monomer saponin compounds are separated from the total saponin. They were quinquenoside F5ab(1),Pseudo-ginsenoside F11(2),20(R)- ginsenoside Rg3(3),quinquenoside L10(4),ginsenoside Rc(5),ginsenoside Rd(6),ginsenoside Rb3(7),ginsenoside Rb2(8) and ginsenoside Rb1(9),among of which quinquenoside F5ab(1) is a new compound. It's structure is 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20-O-β-D-xylpyranosyl-dammar-25(26)-ene-3β,12β,20S,24ζ-tetraol.Compound 1: white powder(methanol), soluble in methanol, ethanol and pyridine. Liebermann-Burchard reaction was positive. Molish reaction was positive. With 10% sulfuric acid hydrolysis, glucose and xylose were detected. With 50% acetic acid partial hydrolysis, xylose was detected.13C-NMR (125.8MHz, C5D5N) spectral data:39.23(C-1), 26.73(C-2), 89.04(C-3), 39.74(C-4), 56.42(C-5), 18.48(C-6), 35.18(C-7), 40.07(C-8), 50.25(C-9), 36.94(C-10), 30.80(C-11), 70.33(C-12), 49.50(C-13), 51.49(C-14), 31.00(C-15), 26.82(C-16), 51.78(C-17), 16.03(C-18), 16.33(C-19), 83.49(C-20), 22.50(C-21), 32.77(C-22), 30.24(C-23), 76.82(C-24), 149.80(C-25), 110.42(C-26), 18.26(C-27), 28.14(C-28), 16.65(C-29), 17.37(C-30), 105.17(glc-1'), 83.79(glc-2'), 78.41(glc-3'), 71.70(glc-4'), 78.36(glc-5'), 62.92(glc-6'), 106.11(glc-1''), 77.23(glc-2''), 79.29(glc-3''), 71.70(glc-4''), 78.03(glc-5''), 62.74(glc-6''), 98.18(xyl-1'''), 74.94(xyl-2'''), 78.19(xyl-3'''), 71.20(xyl-4'''), 67.07(xyl-5''').4. Research on the anti-myocardial ischemia effect of the total saponins of the fruit of Panax quinquefoliumThe effects of the total saponin of American ginseng fruit on the electro- cardiogram of acute myocardial ischemia model, which were induced by intraperitoneal injection of high-dose isoproterenol, were observed for the first time.The total mV of ST segment deviation of rat heart (∑ST), the number of abnormal animals in ST-segment deviation (NST) and the average of ST segment deviation were observed to evaluate the extent of myocardial ischemia and drug efficacy, and study the protection effect of ginseng fruit saponins on myocardial ischemia. High-dose isoproterenol make excessive myocardial contraction, enhanced myocardial contractility. So induced inadequate coronary filling, and myocardial oxygen is far more than myocardial oxygen supply, which results in myocardial ischemia. The results indicated that the ginseng fruit saponins have a significant protective effect on myocardial ischemia of rats induced by Isoproterenol.The research showed that there were still many trace active components like ginsenosides in American ginseng fruit require further study. The total saponins of American ginseng fruit have a good pharmacological effects on myocardial ischemia. The thesis provides a scientific basis for the comprehensive utilization of American ginseng resources, and development the American ginseng fruit as a new medicinal parts, and enhancement the American ginseng industry.