Environments Of A Region And The Development Of Charitable Organizations

The article made systematic researches on the type, property,distributions in times and spaces, operating methods of charitable organizations and therelationship of close functions' charitable organizations etc in ZhiLi province of QingDynasty. The author also made a case study of Tianjin city which have the most diversecharitable organizations, at last generalized the characteristic of charitableorganizations' distributions in different times and spaces, and impacting factors ofcharitable organizations' diverse towards the other districts of ZhiLi province. The paperon the foundation of comparative studies with the other areaes especially theconclusions of research on Chiang-Nan regions, induced to the regional characteristicand its impacting factors in ZhiLi province Of Qing Dynasty, and explored therelationship between environments of a regionand the development of charitableorganizations.The whole developmental level of charitable organizations in ZhiLi province ofQing Dynasty was not flourishing, government-runned YangJiYuan andgovernment-Inspected voluntary LiuYangJu were the most widespread charitableorganizations. That the instauration and reconstruction of YangJiYuan, the extensiveestablishment of LiuYangJu were the main contents of ZhiLi province charitableorganizations' development in the prophase of Oing Dynasty, the type of charitableorganization was relatively single, the establishment of charitable organizations wassubjected to policy of government. The variety of charitable organization increasedgradually, voluntary charitable organization was build up in the late period of QingDynasty, but whose extension didn't wide, was not be universal. At same time, thechurch-established charitable organizations from west countries had a development inZhiLi province especially in the east region of ZhiLi, but which had not obviouslyinfluenced in traditional charitable organization of the whole province.Yangjiyuan was a charitable organization which was widely established in MingDynasty, continued to existing and development in Qing Dynasty. The tidy uniformedbuilding of Yangjiyuan in Ming Dynasty was acceded in the early period of Qing Dynasty, but there was a trend that the scale of Yangjiyuan's building reduced gradually,its tidy and uniform disappeared. The average amount of Yangjiyuan's building of perstate and county was more in the central and south region of ZhiLi, less in the east part,but which was consistent with the rations of orphaned and impoverished in everydistrict. The helping standards of orphaned and impoverished in YangJiYuan wasadjusted for three times in the early period of Qing Dynasty, which was subjected to thenational politics, that was unified in the early period of Qianlong, but there was alsosome regions carried out different means according to their circumstances. For betterhelping result of Yangjiyuan and more quotas of raised, the officials of sorrie places hadapplied some measures such as setup farmland from local fundraising etc, that extendedthe amount of enjoy helping. The other charitable organizations were also established inthe early period of Qing Dynasty, but distributed in the central and south part of ZhiLi.In order to making up the shortage of YangJiYuan and acceding the experience ofkeeping destitute people in winter, the governor of ZhiLi province in the early period ofQianlong initiated that LiuYangJju which was an organization to keeping poor people inwinter was universally established in everypiace of ZhiLi. There were more than 500LiuYangJu in ZhiLi. Compared with YangJiYuan, the amount of LiuYangJu wasincreased, and the scale of house was smaller, had not tidy uniformed building form andso on, but there were four LiuYangJu per state and county in average, and placed incity's pass and some important markets-towns where many flowing people in and out,which overran to the YangJiYuan's limit of establishment only in city, charitableorganizations expanded toward the village. The average amount and scale of per stateand county was still dominant in the central and south parts of ZhiLi, but wasconcentrated in some states where convenient transportation, frequent disaster and moreflowing people. Although LiuYangJu was initiated by mandarin, but which funds'source and operating ways etc. was determinant to its property of government-Inspectedvoluntary charitable organization. LiuYangJu had extended the quota of helped orphanand poverty and increased its influence, but in the developing process of thisorganization, because of abuse in operating ways, caused to its inevitable trend towardYangJiYuan, changed from government-Inspected voluntary charitable organization togovernment-operated charitable organization. But it can be affirmed that LiuYangJu wasthe most universal civil charitable organization after the early period of Qianlong, whichdistribution was so extensive that could compare beauty with the YuYingTang of Chiang-Nan region in the later period of Qing Dynasty.The central district of organization's development in the early period of QingDynasty were in the central and south region of Zhili province, the quotaes ofYangJiYuan and the scales of LiYangJu's house were in an advantage position. In thelater period of Qing Dynasty, the category and amount of charitable organization wasincreased in the east part of ZhiLi, which replaced to the central and south regionbecame the center of the whole province charitable work, in the other regions, only thecharitable organization of Baoding city in the central part of zhili continued todeveloping, because where was the capital of Zhili province.The property of charitable organization in Zhili was dominant ingovernment-runned or government-Inspected voluntary charitable organization,civil-operated charitable organization had a development, but the amount was less, therealso was full of the influence of officialdom in its operation. The establishment of a lotof voluntary charitable organizations also initiated and strongly supported byofficialdom, excepted Tianjin city, civil chartable force didn't enough flourishing.In the later period of Qing Dynasty, there was prevalent in traditional type ofcharitable organizations in Zhili, modern charitable organization didn't obviously turnout, but there had already appeared in Tianjin city.Tianjin was the most flourishing city of charitable organization in Zhili provincewhen the later period of Qing Dynasty in addition to Beijing, which was subjected tosuch as the people's customs, the level of economic development, geography position,the commercial center of North China in the modern age, the center of associatingoutward and intercommunion between south and north China etc factors. In the lastyears of Qing Dynasty, there also established a league of charitable organizations whichcarried out unified guidance, to each charitable organization, that was a peak ofcharitable organizations' development in Tianjin. The charitable organization in Tianjinalso started to radiation to the other districts, but its expand was slow because of variousfactors.It was an interaffected relationship between environments of a region and thedevelopment of charitable organizations. The author thought that the level of economicdevelopment was the foundation of charitable organizations' development, the socialdemand was the motive. The development of charitable organizations inunderdeveloped districts was obviously under the influence of political factors (especially the officialdom's initiation), the geography position (sometimes, it was thepolitical position in a district) could intensify this influence and could also create theother advantageous conditions for development of charitable organizations. At the sametime, the development of charitable organizations was beneficial for a region in therespect of stable social orders and forming of good social prevailing custom in moral.