Looking At The Qing Emperors' Controlling On The Eight Banners Of Garrison From Handling By Proxy

After the rulers of Qing Dynasty entered the Pass of Shan Hai, the army of Eight Banners was dispatched to garrison important places all over the country for defending purpose. The Emperor found General, Du Tong and Da Chen who administrator the important places and in charge of guarding the important places, pacifying the soldiers and civilians, equating administrations and punishments, and conducting the training of army. They have the power of military affairs and administrations. So it is important that ensuring the emperor control the Generals effectively. Researchers often study this, but all of studies at present neglect another important problem. It is possible that the emperor be out of control in the transition of two Generals or in one General's tenure of office. In fact, the emperors of Qing had solved this problem effectively through handling by proxy.In the period of Kang Xi, the Qing Government took the substitutive Generals as the real once. After the periods of Yong Zheng and Qian Long, the main effect of handling by proxy was displayed in the transition of two Generals and in tenure of General. As an important measure through which the Qing emperors control the garrison Generals, the handling by proxy had systematiced and inclined to mature during the periods Yong Zheng and Qian Long.The maturity of handling by proxy manifested through three aspects. First, strengthen the management of the two Generals'transition. Second, reinforcing the control when the General left during his tenure and the types of proxy were all ready. Third, the regulation about the accepted proxy practice did not take into effect.Through the handling by proxy, the Qing emperors controlled the vacant spaces of power during the two Generals'transition and the lefts when the Generals had other missions. The handling by proxy combined the measures controlling Generals, made the emperors of Qing to control the whole garrison completely.