A Study On The Evolution Of Qing Government's Attitude Towards Intimacy Of Russia Into Estrangement Of Russia

Qing government was in the declining period of transformation in the latter half of 19 century. After the war of 1894, influenced by the three countries interfering with Liaodong Peninsula, Qing government changed its foreign affairs from intimacy of a Britain into intimacy of Russia , bringing about the situation of hating Japan,alienating Britain allying Russia and intimating Russia, The existence and development of intimacy of Russia was utilized by Russia which conducted threat and allure towards Qing government, gradually deepening aggression intoChina, The formation of Qing government's intimacy of Russia was caused by Qing government itself and influenced by external conditions.With Russia deepening its invasion into China, Chinese people gradually perceived Russia's hypocrisy and wild ambition and abandoned illusion towards Russia, afterwards springing up political views and activity of resisting universally Russia. Local governors, except Li Hong-zhang,Liu Kun-yi, Zhang Zhi-dong gradually abandoned their illusions towards Russia, and started to advocate that firmly resisting Russia's invasion. The masses of middle lower level Presented resolute resistance towards Russia. The out posted minister of Qing government also actively negotiated with foreign ministry of local countries, inviting them to mediate this affair friendly, while at this time, the relationship among imperialist powers such as Britain,Japan,Germany,America were undergoing new divisions and combinations they unceasingly adjusted strategies towards China and Russia, in terms of their own interests. Russia's invasion and above various forces pushed forward the evolution of Qing government's attitude towards "intimacy of Russia into estrangement of Russia".