On The Two Declaration Of Bureaucracy Reformation In The Qing Dynasty Constitution

History into the twentieth century, the Chinese people to further deepen the crisis, the Western imperialist aggressors and the Japanese tanning, aggravated domestic conflicts, the Qing Dynasty in order to maintain its own rule, compelled by public opinion, etc, have no choice but to fight the slogan of reform to the New Deal, and Bureaucracy Reform to the beginning of reform. Bureaucracy reform from the start was to conduct a national authority on the central and local agencies and officials set up the appointment, management systems, such as a series of reforms as well as central and local governments the right to compete for a struggle.Zhang is the end of the Qing Dynasty minister viceroy important, he's an important position in the Qing Dynasty and the impact of the decision to act as their own natural, one of the leading constitutional reform, he proposed the idea will no doubt have a major impact on the Qing Dynasty. In the end of the Qing Dynasty, Zhang is a feudal bureaucrats, modern corporate giant, strategist, educator and scholar in one of many significant events of modern Chinese history and reform, have left a footprint and figure of Zhang Zhidong " , knowing lack of self-non-reform reform also, if we look at the most chancellor trip to the new political force, the WenXiang Morrow," but Zhang was China's old guard, embodied in a more Obviously, stick to the old system of the Qing court to oppose the reform. DuanFang at the time of reform become the new representative of the Qing government in 1905 to send five constitutional minister visits Abroad, through studying tours abroad, coupled with experience in politics in order to broaden their horizons and unique perspective, seeing Qing poor economy, military weakness and backwardness of the political system, to learn his country's political system, the rule of experience, after returning to four fund-raising, organization of human codification "politicians around the world", "Europe and the United States political meaning, "presented to North Korea when the ruler Abroad DuanFang as a representative of the constitutional study, more in its thinking significantly. the collision of Chinese and Western thinking, then Chinese in the end what to do? In this paper, by exploring the Second argue that the differences with the collision, is to examine the body of the West with one aspect of thinking, but also advanced countries in the face of the Chinese people rose up as a manifestation of the decline.Part of the article the theme for the idea of Zhang Zhidong and DuanFang contrast, the Central Bureaucracy, the DuanFang in "Please change the country prepared to discount the Constitutional Bureaucracy", in relation to the responsibility of the cabinet system has been put forward specific proposals, in principle, to follow the lead of the Meiji Restoration when Japan constitutional monarchy established, and others DuanFang Bureaucracy reform package put forward by the impact on the Qing Dynasty is a great one. Zhang said the negative Jingchao Bureaucracy Reformation changed once, it will lead to social disorder, and Minister of discord and strife, such as the power of a series of changes, back to the revolutionary party members to take advantage of the machine can be. ZHANG Duan real differences between the two ideas of how to reform China's purely in order to change the status quo in China, do better in life responsibilities Hill. On the separation of powers principle that DuanFang Western powers, that is, in modern times by Western countries to adjust the Qing administration, the central administration department of the authority and responsibility, can make more efficient operation of national institutions, powers and responsibilities more clearly, for future constitutional movement has laid a good start is also the basis of the organization. The principle of separation of powers and the domestic social order and stability, rule out the feudal forces of political interference, the right to avoid the phenomenon of post-secondary and reduce corruption, promote the building of local government to ensure "the independence of the judiciary" are very good. Zhang believes that the people of China did not open, it is more than the Patriot, while the destruction, and aimed at the country from chaos, too many. Ready to make trouble with the revolutionary party member, if the terms of an independent magistrate, referee in any academic impure, thoughts of misconduct on the motion DuanFang , Qing Zhang is advised to consider re-thinking of, or accelerate the clearance will be inevitable demise. Bureaucracy reform areas, the Ching court at that time put forward a two-tier approach to this end for discussion courtier. Bureaucracy Reform Program DuanFang the layer closest to the first approach, but this DuanFang Zhang put forward the views of their own to refute the point of view: on the abolition of ZhiFu, Chihli state, the controversy over Shoudao; on whether the addition of George I of the Official you on a proposed local self-government. DuanFang wrote a letter to Zhang Xinhua letter, responded to DuanFang Zhang, DuanFang beyond the expected results, DuanFang criticized the reform program.The article is the text of the final chapter of the soul, for the Qing court that the adoption of the two is what? Described in the Qing court in the promulgation of the reform program at the time, the essence, "but instructed in the post-secondary, money long-standing, and practical text to float. A view to determining the performance-hee-shu." Adopted in the actual analysis of the situation: on the responsibility of the Cabinet, requirements promulgated by the Qing Dynasty notice to retain the aircraft to the Executive Office, the pool does not have the responsibility of the Cabinet. Recommended by the Cabinet on behalf of DuanFang monarch responsible for the summary administration of a country, you can buy prime minister. Its chancellor under its terms of reference of both the professionals and are entitled without any restrictions, and no duplication of shifting responsibility for disposal, which is conducive to strengthening the centralization of power, so that the powers and responsibilities of specificity, without compromising the authority of the monarchy is still unable to move rulers of the Qing Dynasty's "heart." Zhang reform in the performance of Bureaucracy cautious, but still the Qing court in the prescribed manner or the lifting of Hu-Guang Governor's office, transferred to military aircraft, in fact deprived of the right. In this struggle, on the terms of DuanFang and Zhang are the losers. On the separation of powers, the reform of the Qing court attitude, "separation of powers" is doing to the people in form, the absorption and improve the national institutions is a new trend in this area look at the recommendations of DuanFang play a significant role. Zhang on this issue and stick to the traditional conservative dogma stubbornly refuses to let go with power, he did not want the demise of the Qing Dynasty, which is the arrival of their own demise, we can not accept the Western powers separation. He still can not believe that the people of knowledge that most people's ignorance, is not too much power and so lost his way in the direction of advance. Bureaucracy on the reform of the local: where the late Qing Dynasty, but the addition to science, reference, representations, and three Patrol Division, Dai-Ichi Kangyo 2, changed the Northeast Province, and the rest are no major changes. Inspector general as a result of local resistance, the Qing government's reform of local Bureaucracy is failed, the reform in this area, the heart to the efforts of the Qing court implemented. On this issue, DuanFang with the power station to the side of the rulers, and actively support the first reform program, and put forward many good idea, but still of order to come to fruition. Zhang Zhidong this is correct, then China's reform and do not have a good time, the nation is also different from the overseas countries, the complexity of China's national conditions. Bureaucracy reform is the late end of the Qing Dynasty in China in modern times larger, the impact of a far-reaching political reform, economic modernization is the second of the Westernization Movement, the Chinese society into the modern yet another important step. Changes in the reform and innovation of China's political system from the traditional to the modern system of government an important turning point, from the modern position of view, the reform of the system of Bureaucracy significant innovation is the early political development in China a sign. Bureaucracy constitutional reform is the end of the Qing Dynasty Qing Dynasty Dynasty directed by a self-help movement of political change, the political changes, the basic direction of China's political transformation of traditional to modern, marking the starting point of China's political modernization. Analysis of the 20th century, the impact of China's political development, comparative Zhang, DuanFang that the differences between the two at the same time, summed up the contemporary history of China's political reform and enlightenment more profound meaning .