Officials, Gentries, Civilians, Church And Their Interactions In Shandong Missionary Affairs In The Second Half Of The Nineteenth Century

In the second half of the nineteenth century, China Late Qing Dynasty, the Western powers occupied the land of China, using their aggressive imperialist forces. Meanwhile, the missionaries engaged in the activities of a mission with the fanatical enthusiasm of religious, hoping this ancient oriental country been naturalized. There is no denying that the existence of the missionaries, to some extent, prevalence the developed Western civilization; but on the other hand, they also broke the traditional Chinese social order and ethical concepts, therefore, leaded incessant missionary affairs and cases.Shandong is located in the land of Confucius and Mencius, so that the momentum of the anti-religious is particularly fiercely. Especially, in the latter part of the Boxer Rebellion, the movement deeply struck the church powers as well as the Western powers. Taking advantage of the force of church, Christians bullied and oppressed Chinese civilians, then the civilians opposed to the influence of the church, which brought a great panic to the ecclesia; the existence of the Church posed a challenge to the power of the feudal gentry, whom hated the Church and leaded the civilians to oppose the Church; Church, backed the aggressive imperialist forces of Western powers, demoted officials, making the officials protect Church and suppress the civilians'opposite action.There was a strange phenomenon of checks and balances called "civilians fear officials; officials fear Church force; Church force fears civilians" among officials, gentries, civilians, and the forces of Church.Therefore, the focus of the paper is to comb missionary affairs and cases in the latter half of the nineteenth century, to reveal the integral appearance, the reasons, the pattern of conflicts, the characteristics and importance of the Shandong affairs, in the meantime, the paper focus on the relationship and their interaction between officials,gentries,civilians,and the forces of Church, and record the progress of the missionary cases objectively and the eventually results. This is also indirectly reflecting Chinese political, economic, and military force in the historical period. in four relations and their interaction. Lesson plans and objective record of the negotiations process and the results of the final,also in China at that particular historical period, China's political,economic, military and so on reflect.