Moving From The Manuscript Of Tianyan Lun Towards Tianyan Lun

Tianyan Lun was translated by Yan Fu in 1890s, which had tremendous impact on the Chinese society. Comparing Tianyan Lun with its manuscript that was unpublished then, it is evident that Yan Fu made considerable revision of The Manuscript of Tianyan Lun so that the two translated works differed a lot from each other. But the process of Yan Fu's revising The Manuscript, has not received due attention and systematic researches on it are even fewer.This thesis adopts Manipulation Theory as the theoretical background to explore in detail the process in which Yan Fu translated Evolution and Ethics & Other Essays into Tianyan Lun and revised The Manuscript of Tianyan Lun.The author argues that that process is actually manipulated by multiple powers and the most influential powers among them are Yan's standpoint of the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures and Wu Rulun's ideological patronage. An examination of Yan Fu's Prefaces to The Manuscript and Tianyan Lun indicates that his translating Evolution and Ethics & Other Essays and revising The Manuscript were directly manipulated by his own standpoints that Chinese learning has priority over Western learning and the Chinese traditional learning should be reexamined through the Western learning. Such manipulation resulted in his adopting such extreme domesticating methods as Ge'yi and Hui'tong in the process of translating and revising. Besides Yan Fu's own cultural standpoint, Wu Rulun also has the most influential impact on Yan Fu's revision of The Manuscript. Through comparing and analyzing different expositions of evolution theories in The Manuscript and Tianyan Lun, it is evident that Wu's patronage on Yan Fu's revision of Tianyan Lun is not only the poetological patronage that has widely acknowledged but also the ideological patronage. After combing the correspondence between Yan and Wu in the process of revising The Manuscript, the author finds out that Wu's ideological patronage on Yan Fu is mainly reflected in four aspects:(1) Wu's manipulation over Yan's translation strategies; (2) Wu's positive comment on Yan's translated work; (3) Wu's manipulation over the titles of chapters and sections; and (4) Wu's Preface in Tianyan Lun. Wu's ideological patronage impels Yan to revise the ideology expressed in The Manuscript in a great degree. It was the manipulation of those multiple powers caused the evolution of The Manuscript towards Tianyan Lun, which exerted an immediate influence upon the Chinese society at the end of Qing Dynasty.