The Original Position Of A Theory Of Justice Of John Rawls

In the second half of the 20th century ,most profound changes have taken place in the western philosophy after the publication of "A Theory of Justice".First,the philosophy of language has been replaced by political philosophy of its dominant position in the western ,which make the political philosophy in the center of contemporary western philosophy.Since the 20th century, philosophy of language was once the mainstream of the philosophy in Europe and the United States. The philosophy of language is the center of analytic philosophy. The roots and essence of the linguistic turn of the philosophy of language lies in the method of the analytical philosophy. Because "A Theory of Justice" of Rawls do not rely on methods of analysis to solve the philosophical question, the analytic philosophy and the philosophy of language have become fading,with the decline of their methods.While at the same time, the political philosophy which was in silence for more than a century of time has come to a sudden rise after the publication of "A Theory of Justice" and it is more likely that the trend of the political philosophy's rise is to take place the core position of the philosophy of language to become the mainstream of the western philosophy in a very short period of time. The publication of "A Theory of Justice" has become a basic logo of changes in the contemporary western philosophy. Around "A Theory of Justice",political philosophers have engaged in a fierce debate.The continuous generation of literature about the political philosophy is becoming countless. Secondly, the theme of the political philosophy has been changed from the freedom to the equality and the issue of justice has become the focus of people's attention. Since the enlightenment, freedom is the only major problem that has been thought by political philosophers. The mainstream of western political philosophy has always been the traditional liberalism, It's basic structure was mainly founded by Locke, Kant, Mill and so on.When Mill's book "On Liberty" and "Representative Government" was published,the traditional concept of freedom was basically established.But the more important problem to be resolved by "A Theory of Justice" of Rawls is the equality. Something to be expressed by justice as fairness is: justice always mean equality, and the role of justice is that justice is the primary value of the social system. Economic inequality is a universal fact, after the study,the reasons for economic inequality are caused by nothing less than the two categories:⑴Social factors,such as birth,the environment of growth,the level of education and so on.⑵Differences in natural talent From Rawls's justice as fairness,all inequality must be addressed no matter what the major factor is. "the difference principle." is Rawls's solution.The theme of "the difference principle" is for the socio-economic system.Arrangement of the economic system is to meet such a condition that any arrangements for the inevitable inequality (absolute equality is impossible) must be suitable for the best interests of the "most disadvantaged". Here, Rawls's reference of inequality is "the most disadvantaged".With the publication of "A Theory of Justice," as a symbol,the two changes of the western philosophy includes the contents of mutual support and confirmation in each sector. The philosophy of language's dominance position was replaced by the rise of political philosophy. On the one hand,the first major reason is the methodology of the philosophy of language which provides a solid base for the philosophy of language has become not reliable。On the other hand,"A Theory of Justice" with a completely different solution to realize the shift of the theme in the political philosophy from the freedom to the equality provides another reason. The decline of the philosophy of language, the rise of political philosophy and the conversion of the theme from the freedom to the equality are of the same process during which,the three are integrated.This process is mainly reflected in the masterpiece of "A Theory of Justice"."A Theory of Justice" of Rawls is the target of the public criticism.Almost all the important documents on the political philosophy revolves around this monumental work.The debate caused by the publication of "A Theory of Justice," is fierce. The controversy over the concept of "logical basis points" namely "original position" in "A Theory of Justice" have become the focus of the focus. The understanding of the concept of "original position" become the best starting point to understand the shift of the western political philosophy,which is the most important event in philosophical circles.To understand the concept of "original position",we need to combine the internal and the external perspectives. The internal perspective means that we should get into the internal parts of Rawls's concept of "original position" to sort out something important in it.In this way, we catch the connotations of the concept of "original position" and the Rawls's proof idea of "A Theory of Justice".To be an ideal background is the fundamental purpose of the concept of "original position" designed by Rawls where we guarantee the achievement of the basic contract is fair. In this legal process, we can deduce Rawls's theory of justice step by step. The reason of the concept of "original position" is primarily from Kantian deontology. Rawls opposes teleology openly and holds that the "right" is prior to the obligation of "good"."Good" can be understood as a rational desire to be met. Utilitarianism assumes "rational person" to seek maximum benefits and holds that the obligation of "good" is prior to the "right". This will inevitably lead to a variety of irreconcilable conflicts not only in the interests but in the contradictions.Rawls emphasizes the obligation on the "right" means the desire for a rational equilibrium.With the assumption of "moral person" to amend the hypothesis of "rational man", we eliminate the irreconcilable paradox of the "rational person". The specific design of the "original position" needs a series of constraints . Probably it has the following major constraints:⑴The conditions of the objective environment in moderate scarcity.⑵The conditions of the subjective environment in mutual indifference.⑶The conditions of the "veil of ignorance"."veil of ignorance" refers to the "original position" where,all the people only have the general knowledge and do not have any specific information.The external perspective means the comparison of all kinds of criticism on Rawls's "original position",which can improve our understanding of Rawls's theory of justice and the procedures of Rawls's proof idea.First,we talk about the criticism within liberalism on the concept of "original position",liberalism is the mainstream of the contemporary political philosophy and Rawls is the important liberals in the contemporary era.Within liberalism,Nozick is the radical liberals who is the most powerful opponent of Rawls. Secondly, the criticism from communitarianism on the concept of "original position" and its main representative is Michael Sandel.Finally, our goal is to draw on a deep understanding of Rawls's concept of "original position" and eventually, we turned to the understanding of the main changes in the contemporary western philosophy.