Federal Government Factors On Suburbanization Of The U.S. (after World War Ⅱ-70s)

Suburbanization of the U.S. is the result of many factors. The role of the policies imposed by the federal government on the suburbanization in the United States can not be ignored. The thesis starts with the concept of suburbanization and the process of suburbanization of American cities. The thesis tries to study the U.S. federal factors on the American suburbanization from the housing policy, highway construction, tax and satellite cities systematically, which can clearly demonstrate the role of the federal government in the process of suburbanization in post-war American cities.Besides the introduction and conclusion, the thesis can be divided into four parts.The introduction describes the significance of the topics,the research trends of the topics in our country and abroad and the objective of the thesis.The first part, "an overview of American suburbanization." Suburbanization is the process which means the rural area around the city by the impact of urban expansion, rural-urban factors and countryside factors became to the mixture of the city and the countryside. According with this standard, we can see the beginning of the suburbanization in the United States in the early 19th century, but it is the main ferry commuter suburbs; From the 19th century to the 20th century, suburbanization of the U.S. has made great development. It is mainly on rural areas population growth. The formation of the mostly residential suburb is "lying city"; From 1920s to 1970s, the United States became a suburbanization country. Suburbs were spreading in the United States. At the same time the nature of the American suburbs has also diversified in the use.The second part, "The federal government housing policy and rural development." After the World War Two the federal government promulgated the "Housing Act of 1949" and put a lot of money to eradicate slums, build new residential areas to make the poor better. The results are not completely replaced by the poor house. There were a large number of commercial decisions by the investors, luxury apartments and office buildings. Contradictions inherent in urban centers has not been resolved, the problem has not been eliminated, so those who have some wealth still want to flee off central cities. Under such circumstances, the federal government carried out the low-credit system in the suburban residential after the war, which is slightly affected on the investors and buyers who have the economic capacity. Meanwhile, the federal government to take the residential security system and the tax reduction, also adopted a "red line system". The house buyers in accordance with the capacity to pay were divided into A, B, C, D four levels. Federal government was strict with the level of risk on the loan ceiling, and at the same time it tent to the single-family residential. These policies promoted the upper middle class to buy the house in rural areas, thus promoted the development of the suburbs.The third section, "the policy of the federal tax and highway and the speeded-up of the suburbs proliferation." Suburbs are depended on the central city with suburbs. That is the suburbs and central cities have maintained regular contact. One of the ways is traffic. After the war, the federal government of the U.S. adopted the "National Defense Highway Act", "Federal Aid Highway Act". It helped to form the systems and the funds on the highway construction funds with law. And by this way, it achieved an unprecedented post-war development of highways. It was not only achievement highway growth, but also established a national highway system. The policy afforded the conditions for the central city's population, business and other factors to move to the suburbs.At the same time, on the tax jurisdiction, the United States implemented the three levels. On the source of the tax it includes income tax and payroll tax. It means when local governments face financial difficulties, they can raise taxes to cope with the crisis. The federal government's housing policy and highway construction policies "pulled away" the middle class of the city. The financial burden of cities forced the city government to increase taxes to maintain the normal operation. Thus central city residents had a "push" force. These indirectly promoted the expansion of American suburbanization.The fourth part, "the federal government's investment policy and the conformation of the industrial satellite city" After the war for the need to the military and defense, as well as the unique natural conditions of the western United States, the federal government had increased investment in the west and south. A lot of money, good conditions attracted a large number of people, businesses, schools and so flock to the west and south. Some military industries, military bases, defense and other high-tech industry from the outset, settled directly to the west and south suburbs. These policies led to a crash in south-western type of industrial satellite city.The fifth part, "the characteristics of the post-war suburbanization of American cities."After the war when the U.S. federal government policy and funding in the United States tilted suburban areas, it formed the American Suburbanization development speed, diversity, and residents of low-density characteristics of homogeneity.By the systematic study of suburbanization of the U.S after the World War Two, the thesis revealed the effect of the federal government on suburbanization. In 1970s as suburbanization of American States, the federal government fueled the policy has been carved in the history of American suburbanization process, while it is encouraging for their active role, but also make people think their negative effects.