The Analysis Of Smith's Thoughts

Smith has been respectfully known as the great philosopher and the father of the pioneer of political economy. Because he formally published two books, one is The Theory of moral Sentiments which established his position in the history of philosophy; the other is An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes of The Wealth of Nations which Formed a theoretical system of classical economics and opened up the road through a profound and critical understanding of economic theory and practice in the 18th century. Two hundred years, his theoretical system is the source of the development of economic thought. The third book is Lectures on justice, Police, Revenue And Arms which organized by his two students.Nineteenth century, around Smith in the "The Theory of moral Sentiments " and " An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes of The Wealth of Nations " relationship, Joseph Alois Schumpeter, the representative of the German Historical School, proposed Smith Problem which was widely spread and discussed. The main argument of Smith Problem is that on human motivation n behavior and moral judgments and sources between The Theory of moral Sentiments and An' Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes of The Wealth of Nations are contradictory. They simply believe that, in the "Theory of Moral Sentiments", the Adam Smith attributed Behavior and motivation to people's sympathy or altruism, in An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes of The Wealth of Nations, attributed Behavior and motivation to people's selfish. The two competing human nature and Smith's ethical thought and economic thought is contradictory, which constitute the so-called "Adam Smith problem". Publication of Lectures on justice, Police, Revenue And Arms,for rethinking and interpretation of "Adam Smith Problem" has played a key role.From the perspective of historical development, it is difficult to understand a writer proposed two abhorrent ideas in two books. In fact, both is consistent. In Theory of Moral Sentiments Smith is concerned about the moral source moral judgments, and motives. In " An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes of The Wealth of Nations, Smith focus on the economic behavior and economic activity. Both of the concerns of the theme is different, caused many economists misunderstandings.In this paper the main characteristic is largely from the original as evidence, in " The Theory of moral Sentiments", " An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes of The Wealth of Nations " and " Lectures on justice, Police, Revenue And Arms" three books, I carefully examine each concept, avoid separate analysis, introduced the wrong point of view, making the relationship between concepts clearly visible, and mutual reflections. On this basis, I re-interpret Smith's ethics, economics and legal theory, and try to find his ideal political and economic system and the necessary conditions for his ideal system.This article is divided into four parts. The first part discusses the moral psychology in detail in the " The Theory of moral Sentiments ", including the interpretation of moral self-interest; three emotions on human behavior; sympathy, imagination, and social norms in general the role of moral judgments; conscience and the impartial spectator of human behavior within the supervision and regulation; prudence, charity, justice and the virtues of self-control in the moral psychology; Finally, the principle of utility and the natural order of sorting out the initial discussion.The second part around the Lectures on justice, Police, Revenue and Arms to start a detailed discussion on the law. Main contents are:the definition of natural rights and freedoms; property of the four development period; the role of government in four development period; civil rights under the family relationship of law; the rules of natural law; equality in economic behavior and how to play a supporting role in the freedom. The fair is the only external forces which can be used to determine the virtues, because only the principles of justice can only be equally, objectively applied to any person.The third part is discussion about "An Inquiry Into The Nature And Causes of The Wealth of Nations ";I carefully examine the economic behavior of self-interest between the two books, expecting to reach agreement; the cooperation is the natural tendency of human nature; there are sympathy and self-analysis in economic behavior; I detailed analysis of the invisible hand, to clarify some one-sided misunderstandings of the error from economists, then offer necessary conditions for the invisible hand, finally, discusses the organizations, institutions and rights.The fourth part is a summary of Smith's ideal of political and economic system. First of all I review Smith's mercantilism; also explain the interpretation of economic freedom; finally, the final come to the conclusion of this article: Adam·Smith Ideal seven aspects, they are political and economic system Self-interest,freedom,natural rights,competition,cooperation,moral and just laws.