The Tariff And Trade Of Jiao Customs From 1899 To 1922

Modern Chinese history is the history of of humiliation that the nation invaded and carved up by the imperialistic Great Powers. With the imperialistic countries's intensifying invasion to China, the customs which called"the nation's gate"was also controlled by the imperialistic countries gradually. China lost the state autonomy for Chinese customs step by step and became a tool by which the imperialistic countries invaded China. The Jiao Customs is the first concession customs in modern Chinese history. Because it was established in German concession, the imperialistic country's control here was much stricter than any other Chinese customs. This thesis exposes the imperialistic countries's invasion and explores it's influence to Qingdao and Shandong hinterlands mainly from two aspects: tariff and trade of Jiao Customs.The establishment and revision of Jiao Customs tariff reflect clearly the historical fact that the imperialistic countries controlled the comcession customs and made it serve for their invasion to China. The"Clauses of Establishing Customs and Taxing in Qingdao"promulgated in 1899 was the product of Qing Dynasty's compromise to German colonists. This customs taxation clauses mianly shows the needs of Germany to manage Jiao'ao concession. It is the conceptization of Germany's conolistic invasion policy to China. After several years'implement, the German colonial authorities strongly required to change the customs tariff of 1899 because it couldn't satisfy their bigger needs for invasion any more. In 1905, both sides of Qing Dynasty and Germany modulated the tariff and changed the free port policy to free zone policy. Japan's occupation of Jiao'ao concession instead of Germany in 1915 didn't cause any big change on tariff because the tariff of 1905 satisfied Japan's needs for invasion to China. Although China regained Jiao Customs in 1922, Japan still reserved privileges in Jiao Customs.While the Jiao Customs tariff satisfied the needs of the imperialistic Great Powers's invasion to China, it also had a certain effect to the development of Qingdao, especially the free zone system which met the needs for rapid development of trade.The trade changes show clearly the imperialistic countries's deeper invasion to China. Viewed from the increase of Jiao Customs's trade volume and commodity structure, the imperialistic countries increasingly plundered China mainly by using China as their raw material origin and commodity market. In order to enlarge their plunder, they established modernized harbors, Jiao-Ji railway and free zone system in Qingdao, which also promoted the rise of Qingdao as a modern port city. Qingdao developped rapidly from a fishery village to an important port city in Chinese modern history. At the same time, the rise of Qingdao led to the decline of other cities, e.x. the trade status of Yantai was seriously shocked by Qingdao. The trade developpment also accelerated the cllapse of tradational natural economy and deepened the degree of modernization of Shandong hinterlands.The Jiao Customs's taxation changes and trade development from 1899 to 1922 reflect clearly the imperialitic countries's deeper invasion to China, which also objectively developped Qingdao and modernized the Shandong hinterlands'economy. This rightly embodies the double effects of the imperilistic colonists's invasion.