Effects Of Different Planting Patterns And Nitrogen Rate On Water And Nitrogen Use Characteristics And Grain Yield Of Winter Wheat

The field experiment was conducted at agronomy experimental station of Shandong Agricultural University using winter wheat Jimai22 as experimental materials in 2008-2009 growing seasons. There were three different planting patterns, containing uniform (25 cm) row, wild (40 cm) + narrow (20 cm) row for flat planting pattern and furrow planting, and three different nitrogen rate. The objective of this paper was to investigate the effects of different planting patterns and nitrogen rate on water and nitrogen use characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat.The detailed results were as follows:1 Effects of different planting patterns and nitrogen rate on physiological indexes of winter wheatWith the development of winter wheat growth stage, difference of the numbers of winter wheat tiller reduced gradually between diffenren planting patterns. The furrow planting had the most tiller during the whole growth stage of winter wheat excluding the rising stage. The leaf area index (LAI) of furrow planting was 13.67% significantly higher than that of uniform row.The numbers of winter wheat tiller and LAI were raised significantly along with the nitrogen rate increased. The furrow planting could improve photosynthetic rate (Pn) , chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll content index (CCI) in flag leaves of winter wheat, consequently could maintain well physiological functions. Pn, CCI and chlorophyll fluorescence rose signifficantly with the increase of nitrogen rate.2 Effects of different planting patterns and nitrogen rate on water consumption characteristics and yield of winter wheatSoil evaporation of winter wheat farmland was mostly affected by weather elements near the ground surface. Furrow planting reduced air temperature near the ground and raised air humidity. PAR reflectance and capture ration were increased by furrowed planting, so PAR transmittance was reduced. Furrow planting decreased 5 cm soil temperature in the daytime. Increasing nitrogen rate like furrow planting could improve weather elements near the ground surface, but it didn't effect 5 cm soil temperatute significntly.Furrow planting could increase soil moisture content in 0~30 cm soil layer, while it decreased soil moisture content under 30 cm soil layer, therefore, furrow planting only increased upper soil moisture content. More soil moisture before sowing was consumed by"20+40 cm"planting than flat planting, consequently soil storage water of 0~120 cm soil laye during the growth stages of winter wheat was decreased,especially of furrow planting."20+40 cm"planting not only consumed much water during sowing~reviving of winter wheat, but also enhanced transpiration density at latter growth stages, therefore, evapotranspiration (ET) of"20+40 cm"planting was increased."20+40 cm"planting had much higher soil moisture variety than that of flat planting, which was the main reason why"20+40 cm"planting could significantly raise ET of winter wheat farmland.Under whatever nitrogen rate, furrow planting could increase yield of winter wheat greatly, and spike numbers were significantly higher. Under N2 treatment, furrow planting had the largest water use efficiency (WUE) that was 19.13 kg/hm2·mm, if ET was 413.98 mm when available, when wheat yield was 7920.80 kg/hm2. Yield and WUE of winter wheat under two flat planting increased significantly as nitrogen rate increased, while furrow planting had significantly higher yield and WUE than other planting patterns under N1 treatment, additional nitrogen rate, the difference was not significant.3 Effects of different planting patterns and nitrogen rate on nitrogen utilization of winter wheatEffects of different planting and nitrogen rate on nitrogen absorption, distribution and transportation of winter wheat were slightly different. At anthesis, nitrogen accumulation of furrow planting in different vegetative organs was significantly higher than that of uniform row; At maturity, nitrogen accumulation of spike stalk and grain of furrow planting was significantly higher than that of uniform row. With the increase of nitrogen rate, nitrogen distribution rate in grain of winter wheat at maturity decreased.With nitrogen rate increasing, the nitrogen translocation of flag leaves were decreased. With a measuring nitrogen in 112.25 ~ 225.00 kg /hm2 range increased, nitrogen translocation efficiency of the vegetative organs was decreased. Comparison between planting, nitrogen transfer of the flag leaf, leaf sheath of furrow planting were significantly greater than those of uniform row, while little difference was in other organs. The absorption and transportion capacity of nitrogen of furrow planting was higher than that of uniform row.NUPE and NPE of winter wheat of furrow planting were 4.21% and 11.95% higher than those of uniform row, whose NUTE was 1.01% lower than that of uniform. NUPE, NPE and NUTE of winter wheat under different planting patterns decreased, when nitrogen rate increased. The difference beteen yield of winter wheat of furrow planting under nitrogen rate of 168.75 kg/hm2 and that of uniform row under nitrogen rate of 225.00 kg /hm2 was little, so furrow planting could save 25% fertilizer comparing with uniform row.In summary, on this testing condition, furrow planting under the nitrogen rate of 168.75 kg/hm2 of winter wheat was the best privoxy.