| Frnctus Amomi,the dried ripe fruit of Amomum villosum Lour from Zingiberaceae. warm-natured, acrid flavor,is often used to eliminate damp and improve appetite,to warm the spleen and check diarrhea,and to prevent abortion.It was originally produced in Yangchun,Gaozhou, Xinyi, Guangni, Fengkai, Yunfu, Guangdong province and became the geo-authentic crude drugs,introduced into Yunnan,Guangxi,Fujian and Sichuan Province for cultivationin the 70s.It's well known as one of four famous south medicine in China.However,with the rapid development of the economy,the mountainous resources in Yangchun district had been exploting and utilizing by man,cause to the diminution of mountainous resources.Due to the strict demand and specific choice on eco-environment of growth of Amomum villosum, and the difficulties on pollination, the artificial pollination is the main pollination method in genuine producing unit for a long time,due to higher planting costs and lower yields,it hinders the production and development of Amomum villosum, for the sake of solving pollination problem and improving yield of Fructus Amomi,we carried out studies on resources investigation of Amomum villosum,the multi-techniques and methods include agriculture, molecular biology, and chemistry were used to study the status on resources and yields, ecological factor, quality of medicinal materials and breeding of Amomum villosum, Laid the groundwork for producing higher quality and yield, secure and efficient, stability and controlled of green medicinal material of Amomum villosum.Major researches and results as follow:PartⅠLiterature ReviewBased on a great deal of investigating and studying on relational information, we summarized systematically the study of Fructus Amomi, these include the previous studies on medicine, distribution of germplasm resources, variety origin, quality evaluation, cultivation, chemical composition and pharmacology and toxicology.PartⅡExperimental Research 一,Analysis on resource state of Amomum villosum from Authentic producing areasThe comprehensive review on resource and ecological condition of Amomum villosum from authentic producing areas, Guangdong Province, meanwhile, the ecological change, growth, planting and yield condition of Amomum villosum were studied and analized, for laying foundation on guidance with industrial plant and deep procession of Amomum villosum.(一) Reasearch and analysis on ecological condition, cultivation, growth and yield condition of Amomum villosum from authentic producing areas.The investigation result indicated that the mountain resources of Panlong belongs to Hedong area have been destroying, yield of Amomum villosum is on the decrease each year; the mountain resources of Chunwan have been protected well, eco-environment hasn't destroyed, so the yield of Amomum villosum is stable and high each year; the forests near to Amomum field had been explored too, the field condition can't meet with the demand of Amomum villosum growth, besides non-water source, the growth and yield of Amomum villosum are not good; Hexi area possess the ideal environment for growing of Amomum villosum, but due to the native farmer change to plant other cash crops and dispersion of Amomum planting, the total yield of Hexi area is lower than Hedong area's, However, if a good field management taken, Hexi area is also a suitable producing area of Amomum villosum.(二) Investigation and Analysisi on soil condition from different producing area of Amomum villosumWe gathered some soil from part of Dongshan and Xishan area and determined its'organic content and chemical property, the results indicated that no matter the soil from plantation or mountain, the oranic content of soil from Dongshan area were higher than Xishan areas';In addition, the nitrogen and PH of natural soil from Dongshan area were higher than Xishan areas'too.二,Reasearch and analysis on ecological factor (humidity and shadowing) of Amomum villosum.We choose humidity and shadowing as the main fators, analysed the growth of Amomum villosum under the different humidity and shadowing. The results indicated that the suitable soil moisture was 25%-27%, while the air moisture was up to 90%; In the seed propagation phase and seeding periods, the shadowing should be 70%-80-, then the flowering and fruiting, the shadowing should controlled between 40%-60%.三,Study on the Quality Evaluation of Amomum villosum from different producing area.Based on the resources surveys, we carried out a series of experiments, determined the content of volatile oil, bornyl acetate and analysed the chemical constituents from volatile oil of Amomum villosum. The results indicated that the quality of Amomum villosum growed in Chunwan was the best, due to the well preserved environment, then the Panlong and Yongning.四,Quality Evaluation on the Breeding Variety of Amomum villosum(一) RAPD analysis of 4 farm-cultivated types of Amomum villosumRAPD was applied to identify the DNA varieties of four farmed-cultivation of Amomum villosum for the first time.31 Random primers which are similar to Zingiberaceous plants' were designed by using the leaf genomic DNA from Amomum villosumas a template,after testing those primers in RAPD analysis,two random primers(S38,S1044)which are able to produce clear amplified bands were selected. The results showed that there has no difference among the samples, the morphological differences due to the changeable climate and environment, and different cultural and mangagerial methods, the four varieties all came from Amomum villosum Lour from Zingiberaceae.(二) Study on difference between Amomum villosum and it's CrossbreedThe differences in morphological characteristics and growing condition of Spring Nol and Longfruit No2 were compared by traditional agricultural methods;The differences in molecular characterization of Spring Nol and Longfruit No2 were compared by RAPD and ITS sequence analysis;The differences in chemical composition of Spring Nol and Longfruit No2 were compared by steam distillation andGC, GC-MS.the results showed that there were very notable difference between the length,width and thickness of blade,plant height,length of rootstalk, the thickness of pericarp and maturing rate of Spring Nol and Longfruit No2 (P <0.01);the Length of ligule and Number of blades per plant of Spring No1 and Longfruit No2 have significant differences(P<0.05). Compared with femaleparent,the dark green plant of Spring No1 were tallstraight and strong, thick stalk, big and thick Leaves,strong disease and stress resistance. Hybrid(Spring Nol) compared with the female parent(Longfruit No2) in terms of the external phenotypic characteristics, molecular properties and chemical composition of volatile oil in qualitative and quantitative characteristics were quite different, as a new variety,hybrid(Spring Nol) inherited good quality from the female parent(Longfruit No2), but also have the characterics of a late flowering to increase the rate of natural pollination, strong disease and stress resistance, as well as early fruits and the higher yield. Cross-breeding expanded resources of Amomum villosum, It made a initial progress on the study of variety breeding of Amomum villosum,and leaded to a crucial first step towards the problems of Fructus Amomi pollination. But the plant of hybrid(Spring Nol) is too high, nutrient consumption is too large, and somewhat specific aroma and taste more bitter and astringent,taste slightly worse than traditional varieties, while whether the two varieties have bioequivalency still waited to be investigated further,五,Conclusion and further studyA systematic research has been made on resources and evaluated the quality of Amomum villosum from authentic producing areas, Guangdong Province, Laid the groundwork for producing higher quality and yield, secure and efficient, stability and controlled of green medicinal material of Amomum villosum.In view of the destroyed ecological and mountainous resources, and due to Yangchun Guangdong province is the best place of origin and the quality of Amomum villosum is the best, We suggested that it necessary to adjust the mode and scale of planting, based on the protection and utilization of the original mountainous resources, the native government should strengthen rectification on the destroyed mountainous resources, to improve the forest cover and environment, recovered the original environment of Jinhuakeng,Panlong district; Meanwhile, Hexi district should be explored to exlarge the planting scale of Amomum villosum, we should make full use of the authentic producing areas of Amomum villosum, strengthened the efforts to develop variety breeding, and established the good seed and seedling base of Amomum villosum., To build the high yield and quality brand, for provided plenty of High-quality germplasm to the surrounding areas, Guangxi, Yunnan Fujian and so on. |
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