| The Revolt of the San Fan (1673-1681) is an important political event in early Qing Dynasty. It is also an important and complicated problem in Qing history. Emperor Kangxi's suppression of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories was his first victory in defending national unity and stabilizing domestic situation. From then on, the rule of Qing Dynasty began to stabilize gradually. It was an important turning point in Qing finance to recover, which was of great significance to the Qing rulers. Therefore, researches in the field of the Revolt of the Three Feudatories always arouse general interest among the educational circles.Among the San Fan, Pingnan Feudatory Shangs differed a lot in particular standpoints and conducts from other two feudatories, which is worth our attention. According to Qing official historical materials, during the Revolt of the San Fan, Shang Kexi was always loyal to the Qing government. But his son Shang Zhixin revolted twice (One was his surrender to Wu Sangui in the fifteenth year under the reign of Kangxi, the other was his revolt in Guangdong in the nineteenth year under the reign of Kangxi), to which historians are always positive. With the excavation of more and more historical materials, especially the further studies on Shang Genealogy(Shang Shi Zong Pu), different opinions came up on Shang Zhixin's true standpoint in the revolt issue. Whether he plotted a rebellion in his second revolt was also questioned. This paper, therefore, focuses on Shang Zhixin's attitude in the revolt issue, and the question whether he committed rebellion after he rejoined the unity of Qing government. Sorting out all the clues related to this question will help to restore the war situation of Guangdong area during the Revolt of the San Fan and get a full view of its political situation. Meanwhile, it will provide a new angle in solving kinds of questions related to the revolt issue.The paper mainly employs the methods of historical analysis, statistics and comparison. While writing, the author first sorts out the historical materials, consults Qing Shi Lu and Kangxi Qi Ju Zhu and makes clear the outline of the historical development. Then, according to Qing Shi Gao, Qing Shi Lie Zhuan, Ba Qi Jong Zhi and other historical materials, the author focuses on the characters related to this paper. Based on the time background and knowledge about the humanities and geography, the author makes comparison among the materials available, raises new questions, and collects materials continually to solve the questions. Finally, the author researches into this topic with an objective and serious attitude.This paper can be mainly divided into two parts. The first part discusses Shang Zhixin's standpoint during the early period of the revolt issue. It focuses on the analysis of Shang Zhixin's early experience and the inner conflicts of Shang family. With the political and military situation of Guangdong area in the early period of the revolt combined, the paper puts forward the reasons for Shang Zhixin's surrender to Wu Sangui. The second part is the central part of the paper, which mainly analyzes Shang Zhixin's political and military activities after he rejoined the unity of Qing government. The analysis focuses on Shang Zhixin's repeated refusals to take Kangxi's assignment, Kangxi's real attitude towards Shang Zhixin and his Pingnan Feudatory and problems occurred after Shang Zhixin's being charges with plotting the revolt. On the basis of comparison and analysis, the paper concludes that there were not adequate evidences to prove Shang Zhixin's revolt against Qing government for the second time; it was an unjust and wrong case in which Kangxi was the head plotter, Jinjun, Yichanga and other officials were the executors. |
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