The Primary Study On The Diversity Of Mairne-derived Fungi Associated With Marine Algae And Sediment From The Intertidal Zone Of Shandong, Yellow Sea

An investigation of the diversity of mairne-derived fungi associated with marine algae and sediment from intertidal zones along shangdong coastline of Yellow Sea was carried out durirng October in 2009 to July in 2010. Total 92 samples of marine algae, including 34 samples of Phaeophyta, 35 samples of Rhodophyta and 23 samples of Chlorophyta, alonging with 57 samples of sediment were collected from 19 sites distributed among Rizhao, Qingdao and Weihai. From all samples, 343 fungal isolates belonging to 63 genera were obtained.1. 43 genera out of 63 genera were sporulating fungal isolates. Among them, 5 genara(Chaetomium, Corollospora, Eucasphaeria, Plectosphaerella, Microascus) belonged to Ascomycota; 33 genera (Acremonium, Alternaria, Arthrinium, Aspergillus, Beauveria, Capnobotryella, Chrysosporium, Cladosporium, Dendryphiella, Dicyma, Doratomyces, Engyodontium, Epicoccum, Exophiala, Fusarium, Geomyces, Geotrichum, Gilmaniella, Hansfordia, Malbranchea, Moromyces, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phialophora, Pleurothecium, Sarcinomyces, Scolecobasidium, Scopulariopsis, Stachybotrys, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Tritirachium, Wardomyces)belonged to imperfect fungi; 2 genera belonged to Basidiomycota; 1 genus belonged to Zygomycota; 2 genera belonged to yeast.New species: Capnobotryella pachymenia KM Sun & W Li, Capnobotryella simplex KM Sun & W Li, Hansfordia laminariae KM Sun & W Li, Hansfordia sinuosa XL Cheng & W Li, Pleurothecium scolecobasidium KM Sun & W Li.New variety: Geomyces pannorum var. marina KM Sun & W Li.New recorded genus for China: Capnobotryella Sugiy.New recorded genus for Mainland China: Sarcinomyces Lindner.New recorded species for China: Arthrinium marii Larrondo & Calvo, Exophiala mesophila Listemann, Moromyces varius (Chatmala and Somrith.) Abdel-Wahab et al., Phialophora europaea de Hoog, Sarcinomyces petricolaa Wollenzien & de Hoog. Undertermined species: Dicyma sp., Gilmaniella sp., Scopulariopsis sp., Tritirachium sp.2. Based on ITS and 5.8S rRNA sequences, 88 isolates of nonsporulating fungi were indentified to 22 genera, including Alternaria, Aureobasidium, Cadophora, Capnodium, Curreya, Devriesia, Diaporthe, Emericellopsis, Epicoccum, Leptosphaeria, Lewia, Lophiostoma, Microsphaeropsis, Myxotrichum, Nigrospora, Paraphoma, Peyronellaea, Phaeosphaeria, Phaeosphaeriopsis, Phoma, Phomopsis, Pyrenochaeta. Among them, Alternaria and Epicoccum were shared with sporulating fungal isolates. In addition, 13 isolates were indentified to higher levels. OUCMBIII091013, OUCMBI101095 and OUCMBI101132 were placed into the family of Lophiostomataceae; OUCMBIII101010, OUCMBIII101011 and OUCMBI101087 were placed into the family of Montagnulaceae; 7 isolates, including OUCMBI101029, OUCMBI101109, OUCMBI101128, OUCMBI101101 , OUCMBI101123 ,OUCMBI101133 and OUCMBI101152, were placed into the order of Pleosporales. The taxonomic status of these isolates will be determined in the future while enough relative sequences can be available.3. The diversity of most part of isolates obtained from the investigation were analyzed as the following:a. There were 48 genera associated with marine algae, 34 genera (Aureobasidium, Beauveria, Cadophora, Capnobotryella, Capnodium, Curreya, Devriesia, Devriesia, Diaporthe, Doratomyces, Epicoccum, Eucasphaeria, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Hansfordia, Lewia, Lophiostoma, Moromyces, Mucor, Myxotrichum, Nigrospora, Paraphoma, Peyronellaea, Phaeosphaeriopsis, Phomopsis, Plectosphaerella, Pyrenochaeta, Sarcinomyces, Scopulariopsis, Sporisorium, Trichoderma, Trichothecium, Wallemia) out of them were not found from sediment. Of the 29 genera isolated from sediment samples, 15 genera(Candida, Corollospora, Dicyma, Engyodontium, Exophiala, Malbranchea, Microascus, Microsphaeropsis, Phaeosphaeria , Phialophora, Pleuthecium, Scolecobasidium, Sporobolomyces, Tritirachium and Wardomyces) were not found from algae samples. Acremonium,Alternaria,Arthrinium,Aspergillus,Chaetomiun,Chrysosporium,Cladosporium,Dendryphiella,Emeriricellopsis,Geomyces,Leptosphaeria,Paecilomyces,Phoma,Stachbotrys are the common genera of two kinds of substratum. b. In general, Aremonium was considered as a widespread genus in the present investigation when compared with other genera encountered regardless of sampling sites and phyla of marine algae, except for brown algae in Rizhao, as well as green algae in Qingdao. Cladosporium and Alternaria were considered as the two widespread genera from brown algae based on the fact that the two genera could be obtained from all selected sites except Alternaria was not obtained from Rizhao. The occurence frequency and relative abundance of those genera isolated from red and green algae were varied with sampling sites.c. The common genera encountered among Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta were Acremonium, Alternaria, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Doratomyce, Paecilomyces, Tichoderma. Alternaria showed the highest of occurence frequency and relative abundance among all isolates from Phaeophyta, however, Cladosporium and Trichoderma expressed the highest frequency of occurence and relative abundance for Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta, repectively. The number of genera isolated from marine algae was varied as the tendency as Phaeophyta> Rhodophyta > Chlorophyta. The tendency of total frequency of occurrence in different phyla of algae was Phaeophyta> Chlorophyta> Rhodophyta.d. The number of genera obtained from marine sediment demonstrated the trendency as : Weihai> Qingdao> Rizhao. Among them, Penicillium is the only common genus isolated from three regions.In Rizhao, only three genera was obtained, which were Aspergillus,Penicillium,Tritirachium. All of them served as the equal value of the relative abundance. In Qingdao, total of 16 genera (Acremonium, Alternaria, Arthrinium, Candida, Chaetomium, Chrysosporium, Cladosporium, Corollospora, Emericellopsis, Engyodontium, Exophiala, Geomyces, Microsphaeropsis, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phialophora) were isolated from sediment. Penicillium showed the highest value of relative abundance, Chrysosporium and Cladosporiumi took the second place. In Weihai, there were 18 genera, including Acremonium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Chrysosporium, Cladosporium, Dicyma, Geomyces, Leptosphaeria, Malbranchea, Microascus, Penicillium, Phaeosphaeria, Phoma, Pleurothecium, Scolecobasidium, Sporobolomyces, Stachybotrys, Wardomyces, isolated from marine sediment. The highest value of relative abundance was possessed by Cladosporium and the next two places were taken by Acremonium and Alternaria.