| Objective To examine the relationship between lead levels in umbilical cord blood and colostrum and neurobehavioral development of neonates and preschool children with intrauterine exposure to lead at low level and Its related factors.Methods From October 2004 to October 2005, 170 normal pregnant women of no professional lead exposure were enrolled in our follow-up study, all the pregnant women were from Obstetrical Department of Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital. During follow-up the baseline survey, delivery records of the pregnant women, and the growth of their offspring were investigated. And 170 cases of pregnant women blood samples, 133 umbilical cord blood samples, 133 colostrum samples were collected. In 2005 the questionnaire surveys and neurobehavioral development evaluation of neonate and 3 months babies were carried out respectively. In 2010 the physical examination, questionnaire survey and venous blood collecction of 132 preschool children were performed, and children's intelligence were evaluated by Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Edition (WPPSI). The effects of umbilical cord blood and colostrum lead exposure on preschool children's total and psychomotor intelligence quotient were analyzed by multivariate linear regression analysis.The lead level in pregnancy mother's blood, preschool children's blood and umbilical cord blood were tested by inductively coupled plasma massspectro- meter (ICP-MS ) and Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Results Median(P50)of lead level of pregnancy mother's blood, the colostrum, umbilical cord blood, neonatal blood, preschool children's blood were 69.00, 50.23, 48.74, 50.75 and 51.45μg/L respectively.The umbilical cord blood lead high exposure group the neonate's active muscle tension, primitive reflex score, neurobehavioral development were higher than the low exposure group (t=4.625, P<0.05;t=4.378, P<0.01;t=4.65, P<0.05), while there was no difference in the behavioral capability, passive muscle tension and general evaluation.The colostrum lead high exposure group the newborn's total score of neural development was lower than the colostrum low exposure group (t=7.14, P <0.01). And the 3 months babies's score of MDI (t=23.54, P <0.01) and PDI (t=21.27, P <0.01) indexes of the high exposure group was lower than the low exposure group.Under control of the effect of age and gender to the preschool children's intelligence. Preschool children's were divided into high and low exposure groups according to the umbilical cord blood lead level. The WPPSI result showed that the TIQ and PIQ grades of the low exposure group were both higher than those of the high exposure group (t=2.91, P<0.01; t=5.87, P<0.01). According to the multivariate linear regression analysis, there was negative asscoiation between TIQ and PIQ grades of the preschool children and umbilical cord blood lead level, Partial correlation coefficient was -2.41, -3.17, respectively.Using the same rules the children were divided into high and low exposure groups according to the colostrum lead level. The WPPSI result showed that both the TIQ and PIQ grades of the low exposure group were higher than those of the high exposure group (t=2.97, P<0.01; t=5.79, P<0.01). According to the multivariate linear regression analysis, there was negative asscoiation between TIQ and PIQ grades of the preschool children and colostrum lead level, Partial correlation coefficient was -1.54, -1.56, respectively. Conclusion Harmful effects with short and long term to child neurobehavioral development in different growth stages (neonate, infants, preschool)exist by low lead exposure in pregnancy and lactation periods. |
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