Preliminary Research On The Stone Outer Coffin Tombs Of The Han Dynasty In Central-south Areas Of Shandong Province

Stone outer coffin tomb is a kind of special form of brick burial. During the Han Dynasty, central-south areas of Shandong province are important distribution region for well-developed economy and culture, and dense population. On the basis of related materials of field excavation, this dissertation including five chapters focus on the research of Han's stone outer coffin tombs in central-south areas of Shandong province.Chapter one is introduction. The main aims are making the subjects and related notion clear and definite, reviewing the history of the finding and study about Han's stone outer coffin tombs in central-south areas of Shandong province and making a statement on the purpose and meaning of the subject.At the beginning of chapter two, typological analysis of the form of the brick burials and funeral objects on the basis of the materials of archaeological excavation are made.Next, by statistic and comparison of certain elected materials of burial grounds, there is a conclusion that stone outer coffin tomb is the main form of the brick burials from the Western Han to early stage of the Estern Han. in central-south areas of Shandong, and the wooden outer coffin tomb in pit are minor, at the same time, the tradition of exotic tomb with brick outer coffin tomb brings a little influence. For the difference of times, the double outer coffin tombs (multi-burial of the couple) are distributed unevenly over the main burial grounds. Primarily, multi-burials with stone outer coffin are popular from the metaphase to the late of the Wsetern Han.In chapter three, the main task is the trial research of periodization to stone relief in Han's stone outer coffin tombs of central-south areas of Shandong province. These pictures are divided into four periods, including early stage of the Western Han, metaphase of the Western Han, late stage of the Wsetern Han, and the period from the phase of the Xin to early stage of the Estern Han, and the time of each period is defined according to the funeral objects, in which the method of periodization advanced is that the specific subject and composition of a picture is the main basis, and distinguishing the static "figural portrait" and dynamic "characters moving" pictures is the point. Furthermore, the background of the social classes and mental culture reflected by the pictures of the stone outer coffin tombs is analyzed.In chapter four, typological analysis of the form of the brick burials and funeral objects on the basis of the materials of archaeological excavation are used to the base of four periods of stone outer coffin tombs in central-south areas of Shandong province, including early stage of the Western Han, metaphase of the Western Han, late stage of the Wsetern Han, and the period from the phase of the Xin to early stage of the Estern Han.The distribution range of stone outer coffin tombs in central-south areas of Shandong province is divided into three smaller zones, including east zone, north-east zone and north-west zone, and then the respective characteristics of these zones and reasons of the differences among them are enumerated and analyzed according to related materials.In chapter five, the brief comparison with Han's stone outer coffin tombs in surrounding areas is made, in which we found that the stone outer coffin tombs in north of Shandong and Jiaodong should come from central-south areas of Shandong province. According to the comparison with the areas of north of Jiangsu, north of Anhui and east of Henan, we found that there were more similarities in the stone outer coffin tombs of Xuzhou and central-south areas of Shandong, in which the funeral objects were influenced by Chu and Chang-an; on the other hand, the areas of east of Henan and north of Anhui were influenced strongly by respective surrounding areas.In chapter six, by studying the revolution trend of the stone outer coffin tombs in this area and the characters of some particular stone-chambered tomb, we found that the latter followed the basic structure of the former, and the latter was evolving gradually from simple to complex for new demands. In the process of falling into the pattern, the size and complexity of this kind of the stone-chambered tomb is related to the status of its master, and its character of the development is non-linear.In the end, a conclusion and some related complementarities are made, and some shortcomings are stated.