| Irrigation plays an important role in increasing crop production in China. However,sulphur (S) is another essential element in plant nutrition. Under some stress conditions, such as lowmineral content in soils, soil erosion and high nutrient removal by crops may determine S deficiencyin crops. Thus, the aims of this study were to analyze the effects of S and irrigation (W) and theirinteraction on water consumption characteristic, dry matter accumulation and translocation and grainyield traits in winter wheat, with a series of experiments in two years. The changes in the key contentof soil, accumulation and transport of dry matter, and properties of grain protein were elucidatedunder the different supply conditions of W and S. The regulative effects of different S applyinglevels on grain yield were clarified in wheat production. These results helped to provide theoreticalevidence and practical experience for attaining high yield, high quality and high fertilizer efficiencyin winter wheat. The main results are as follows.1.Effects of sulphur application on consumption characteristic of winter wheat under differentirrigation conditionsDifferences of water consumption characteristic and water use efficiency (WUE) between differentwheat cultivars was studied by using two wheat cultivars including Yunong949which with amultiple spike and Lankao Aizao8which with a large spike. Setting up three treatments including noirrigation(W0)，and irrigated at jointing stage (W1), and irrigated at jointing and anthesis (W2) stage.Each irrigation received90mm water．The results were as follows.Two cultivars of soil moisture of0-60cm soil layers showed S60more than S0from sowing towintering. However, the soil moisture of60-90cm soil layers has opposited. From wintering toreviving was mainly using the soil moisture of0-60cm soli layers, but no significant than winteringstage. From reviving to jointing, mainly using the soil moisture of0-90cm soil layers, S applicationimproved surface soil moisture and water use efficiency. From jointing to anthesis, the soil moistureof0-120cm soil layers showed that W1higher than W0. Application of S improved Yunong949water content in the surface layers, Lankao Aizao8in the surface layer of water content wassignificantly lower. From anthesis to maturity, mainly using the soil moisture of30-90cm soil layers,but others soil layers no significant.Along with the addition of irrigation times, the water consumption gradually raised, the soilwater and soil water storage tank, precipitation of the proportion of the total water consumption gradually reduced and irrigation to total water consumption ratio increased, significant differencebetween treatments. From sowing to jointing, no influence on the water consumption. The treatmentsof W1, W2was significantly higher than W0from jointing to anthesis. Anthesis to harvest, waterconsumption amount per day and water consumption increased by applied sulphur fertilizer.In addition, with the addition of irrigation times, the grain yield water use effectively showedthat Yunong949higher than other treatments, but Lankao Aizao8performance S0W0treatmentshighest. Sulphur fertilizers could increased PFP, water use efficiency of S60treatments wassignificantly higher than S0. In a words, Yunong949was better than Lankao Aizao8. In the testconditions, application of sulfur combined with water, improved the rate of soil water storage tank.2. Effects of sulphur application on dry matter accumulations and translocation of winterwheat under different irrigation conditionsThe aims of this study were to analyze the effects of S and W and their interaction on accumulationof dry matter during wheat growth period, translocation amount of vegetative organ after anthesis,and distributions of carbon(C), nitrogen (N) and S and distribution in different organs at the harvest.Two medium-gluten wheat cultivars (a multiple spike Yunong949and a large spike Lankao Aizao8)were used in field experiments with different S and W treatments in wheat growing seasons. Theresults showed that the dry matter accumulations of the two cultivars has no significantly atWintering, Reviving and Jointing, while the S60treatments are significantly higher than those of theS0treatments at the anthesis and maturity stages with the increasing of irrigation times. Atphysiological maturity, S60W1or S60W2in the study could increase dry matte weight in differentorgans. Comparing with S0, organ dry matter weights at the harvest are increased under theirrigation combined with S application, and the increased grain weight is higher than those of theother organs, but no significant differences in the dry matter distribution among the organs. The drymatter translocation ratio after anthesis of two cultivars showed that W0treatments highest, ratherthan others treatments. With the increase of irrigation times, promoted the accumulation of drymatter and grain to the transit since the addition of S, W0has significant W1, W2. Thus, contributionof dry matter translocation amount after anthesis to grains of W2more than W1, W0. As comparedwith S0, enhanced dry matter translocation ratio before anthesis of Lankao Aizao8. In contrast,contribution of dry matter assimilation amount after anthesis to grains of Yunong949dismissed.The S addition could increase the contents of N and S in grain, the content of N showed grainhigher than others, but the N contents of grain and vegetative organs are decreased with the increaseof irrigation times. The increase of the sulfur content of the grain, will inevitably affect the qualityand processing properties. The indicated that the highest1000-grain weight at35days after anthesis,increased grain weight in late growth stage since the addition of irrigation times, influenced grainyield improved. 3. Effects of sulphur application on grain yield and its components and quality of winter wheatunder different irrigation conditionsBased on the above experiments, a multiple spike Yunong949and a large spike Lankao Aizao8were taken as trial cultivars to study the effects of S application and irrigation on grain yield and itscomponents and quality. The results suggest that, with the increase of irrigation times, the Sapplication promotes grain-number per spike,1000-grain weight and grain yield, and their maximumvalues are reached under the S60W2treatment. The grain yields in treatments of sulphur applicationwere higher than those in no sulphur fertilizer, and S60W2(60kg.ha-1sulphur and two irrigationtimes application) of Yunong949and Lankao Aizao8were significantly than other treatments.Further studies on yield components suggests that increase of Yunong949yield was mostly due toincreased spike kernel number and spike number, while increase of Lankao Aizao8yield becausegrain number per spike and1000-kernel weight enhanced. The spike kernel of Yunong949higherthan Lankao Aizao8. The grain number per spike of the two cultivars under the S60treatments aresignificantly higher than those of the S0treatments. Under S60and S0application,1000-kernelweight shows that W2treatments significantly than W1, W0treatments, but Lankao Aizao8reachedhighest value only W2treatments. Especially, the grain yield of S60W2is increased by34.29%compared to the S0W0treatment, and the yield of Yunong949is significantly higher than that ofLankao Aizao8, and the yield of Yunong949is significantly higher than that of Lankao Aizao8.The results revealed that S application increase sulphur content of grain, N/S ratio at maturity ingrains varied from11.84to22.86of Yunong949, while Lankao Aizao8showed N/S ratio was from12.13to16.19, with the significantly decreased N/S ratio. Moreover, S application could hardlyincrease total grain protein content, but could increase albumins, gliadin and globulin protein content,globulin content low.In conclusion, S60W1or S60W2in the study could increase dry matter accumulations, thecontents of C, N and S, and gain yields of two winter wheat cultivars, but some differences exist inthe cultivars.4. The effects of S application on nitrate nitrogen accumulation were also studied in two glutencultivars under different irrigation conditions.Setting three irrigation treatments to study the effects of different treatments on nitrogenaccumulation. Some results as follows, along with the growth period, different levels of nitrateaccumulation gradually reduced. Application of sulfur significantly reduced the nitrate nitrogenaccumulation of0-30cm soil layers, but for30-120cm soil layers nitrate nitrogen accumulation noeffect at the over-wintering. At the reviving stage,0-30cm and60-120cm soil layers of nitratenitrogen accumulation performance for S0higher than S60of Yunong949, significantly difference between. While, Lankao Aizao8showed that accumulation of nitrate nitrogen of0-90cm soil layersof S60reached high value. Compared to reviving stage, jointing stage reduced60-120cm soil layersnitrate content,0-60cm nitrate accumulation no influence. At anthesis, with the increased of thedepth, the content of nitrate nitrogen reduced, S60W1was significantly reduced30-90cm nitratenitrogen accumulation, however, the nitrate nitrogen accumulation of30-60cm soil layers of LankaoAizao8depressed. Sulphur application reduced nitrate nitrogen accumulation of0-60cm and90-120cm soil layers under drought conditions. From anthesis to maturity, reduced the content ofnitrate nitrogen accunmulation of0-30cm soil layers of Yunong949, has significantly different underW2and W1conditions. And that LanKao Aizao8showed60-90cm soil layers was decreased, but notsignificant. Sulfur combined with irrigation may lower the top layer (0-30cm) the content of nitratenitrogen, reduced the accumulation of soil nitrate nitrogen. In the soil depth, S60significantly lowerthan S0, but Yunong949have different performance. |
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