| Taking high-yielding winter wheat cultivar Jimai22as test material, a field experiment wasconducted to study the effects of supplemental irrigation on water consumptioncharacterristics, grain yield and its physiological basis of winter wheat according tomeasuring soil moisture in different soil layers in Shiwang village (35.41°N,116.41°E),Yanzhou, Shandong, China, in the2010~2011and2011~2012growth season. In2010~2011growing season, Four soil layer depths (D1:0~20cm; D2:0~40cm; D3:0~60cm; D4:0~140cm)were used to calculate the amount of supplemental irrigation, and seven water treatments wereset in each soil layer depth, there were W1which was designed to reach the same relative soilmoisture content in each soil layer at jointing stage (target soil relative moisture content was60%) and anthesis stage (target soil relative moisture content was60%), W2(jointing stagewas65%, anthesis stage was65%), W3(jointing stage was70%, anthesis stage was70%),W4(jointing stage was75%, anthesis stage was75%), W5(jointing stage was80%, anthesisstage was80%), W6(wintering stage was75%, jointing stage was70%, anthesis stage was70%), W7(wintering stage was80%, jointing stage was70%, anthesis stage was70%)respectively, and W0treatment was set as zero irrigation during the growth season.In2011~2012growth season, Four soil layer depths (D1:0~20cm; D2:0~40cm; D3:0~60cm;D4:0~140cm) were used to calculate the amount of supplemental irrigation, and six watertreatments were set in each soil layer depth, there were W1’ which was designed to reach thesame relative soil moisture content in each soil layer at jointing stage (target soil relativemoisture content was65%) and anthesis stage (target soil relative moisture content was65%),W2’(jointing stage was70%), W3’(jointing stage was75%), W4’(jointing stage was70%,anthesis stage was70%), W5’(jointing stage was75%), W6’(jointing stage was75%,anthesis stage was75%), respectively, and W0’ treatment was set as zero irrigation during thegrowth season.The results were as follows:1Under the condition of supplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture indifferent soil layers, effects of soil moisture on water consumption characteristics,grain yield and its physiological basis of winter wheat1.1Water consumption characteristics of winter wheatIn2010~2011growth season, under the condition of D2, the total water consumption and soil water consumption of W6were significantly higher than W1, W2, W3, W4and W5,lower than the W7; water consumption amount from turning-green stage to jointing stage ofW6was significantly higher than W1, W2, W3, W4, W5. Under the condition of D4,irrigation amout of W6was significantly lower than W4, W5and W7, and higher than W3,total water consumption amount of W6was significantly lower than W4, W5and W7, andhad no significant difference with W3; Soil water consumption amount of W6was lower thanW3, W4and W7, and significantly higher than W5; water consumption amount of W6fromturning-green stage to jointing stage was significantly higher than W1, W2, W3, W4and W5,and had no significant difference with W7.In2011~2012growth season, under the condition of D2, water consumption amount ofW4’ from jointing to anthesis stage was no significant difference with W2’, and significantlyhigher than the other treatments, water consumption amount of W4’ from anthesis to maturitystage was significantly higher than W2’. Under the condition of D4, irrigation amount atanthesis stage of W4’ was significantly higher than the other treatments, soil waterconsumption from anthesis to maturity stage, total water consumption and total soil waterconsumption of W4’ were significantly lower than the other treatments.The results suggest that, in2010~2011growth season, under the condition of D2, W6treatment promoted the use of soil water and the use of water from turning-green to jointingstage; Under the condition of D4, W6treatment promoted the use of water from turning-greento jointing stage, and reduced the total water consumption. In2011~2012growth season,under the condition of D2, W4’ treatment significantly improved the water consumptionamount from jointing to anthesis stage and the water consumption amount from anthesis tomaturity stage. Under the condition of D4, W4’ treatment significantly reduced irrigationamount and total water consumption amount, and improved water use efficiency andirrigation benefit.1.2The carbon metabolism of winter wheatIn2010~2011growth season, under the condition of D2, soluble sugar content in flagleaves at28days after anthesis of W6was significantly lower than the other treatments.Under the conditions of D2and D4, dry matter accumulation of W6was lower than W7atmaturity stage, and higher than the other treatments. Dry matter translocation amount fromvegetative organs of W6was significantly higher than that of W7, dry matter assimilationamount after anthesis was significantly higher than the W3; dry matter allocation amount inkernel of W3at maturity stage was significantly higher than the other treatments.In2011~2012growth season, under the conditions of D2and D4, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and water potential of flag leaves all increased with the increase of soilmoisture content. At14days after anthesis, flag leaf sucrose synthase activity of W4’ wassignificantly higher than the other treatments, and flag leaf sucrose content of W4’ wassignificantly lower than the other treatments. Under the condition of D2, dry matter amount atmaturity stage of W4’ was higher than the other treatments; transportation amount ofvegetative organs dry matter before anthesis of W4’ and W0’ were no significant differences,both were significantly higher than W1’ and W6’. dry matter assimilation amount afteranthesis of W4was the most highest; dry matter allocation amount in grain of W4’ treatmentwas significantly higher than other treatments. Under the condition of D4, dry matter amountat maturity stage of W4’ was higher than the other treatments. There was no significantdifferences among W4’, W0’ with W1’ in transportation amount of pre-anthesis vegetativeorgans dry matter, and was significantly higher than W6’. There was no significant differencebetween W4’ and W6’ in dry matter assimilation amount after anthesis, and was significantlyhigher than W0’ and W1’. Dry matter allocation amount in grain of W4’ treatment wassignificantly higher than other treatments.The results suggest that, in2010~2011growth season, under the condition of D2, W6treatment promoted transportation of soluble sugar from flag leaf to grain, and promoted drymatter accumulation and distribution in the grain at maturity stage. In2011~2012growthseason, under the condition of D2and D4, W6’ treatment delayed the senescence of the flagleaf, keep flag leaves in higher photosynthetic rate at late grain-filling stage, and wasbeneficial to promote dry matter accumulation. W4’ treatment promoted sucrose synthesisand transportation, and promoted the dry matter accumulation and distribution in grain atmaturity stage.1.3Nitrogen accumulation, distribution, and transportation of winter wheatUnder the condition of D2, W4’ treatment of grain nitrogen allocation amount wassignificantly higher than the other treatments, allocation proportion was lower than W0’, andhad no significant difference with W1’and W6’.Grain nitrogen accumulation was significantl-y higher than other treatments, nutritional organs of nitrogen transportation rate and contribu-tion rate were lower than W0’ and W6’.Under the condition of D4, grain nitrogen allocationamount at maturity stage of W4’was significantly higher than the other treatments, allocationproportion was lower than W0’, and higher than W1’and W6’, grain nitrogen accumulationamount at muturity and nitrogen transprtation amount from vegetative organs wassignificantly higher than the other treatments, but nitrogen transportaion rate and contributionrate is lower than W0’,and was no significant difference with W1’. The results suggest that, under the conditions of D2and D4, W4’ treatment promoted thetransportation of dry matter from vegetative organs to grain before anthesis, and improvednitrogen assimilation after anthesis.1.4Grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheatIn2010~2011growth season, under the conditions of D2and D4, there were no significantdifferences between the grain yield of W6and that of W7, and both of them were significant-ly higher than the other treatments. Water use efficiency, irrigation water efficiency andirrigation benefit of W6was significantly higher than that of W7. Grain yield and irrigationbenefits of W6under the condition of D2were higher than W6under the condition of D4.In2011~2012growth season, under the condition of D4, grain yield and irrigation benefitsof W4’ were significantly higher than the other treatments, and water use efficiency of W4’was higher than the other treatments. Under the condition of D2, grain yield of W4’ washigher than the other treatments, and had no significant difference in water use efficiency withthe other treatments, the irrigation benefits of W4’ was lower than W1’, and was significantlyhigher than the other treatments. Grain yield, water use efficiency and irrigation benefits ofW4under the condition of D4were higher than W4’ under the condition of D2.The results suggest that, considering the grain yield, water use efficiency, irrigation benefitand operability, W6under the condition of D2is the most optimal treatment in2010~2011growth season, W4’ under the condition of D4was the most optimal treatment in2011~2012growth season.2Under the condition of different soil moisture, effects of different soil layer depths ofsupplemental irrigation based on testing soil moisture on water consumption charact-eristics and yield of wheat and its physiological basis2.1Water consumption characteristics of winter wheatIn2010~2011growth season, under the condition of W3, W4, W5, W6and W7, irrigationamount of D2treatment was significantly lower than D3and D4, and higher than D1.Underthe condition of W6, water consumption amount, water consumption intensity and soil waterconsumption amount from turnning green stage to jointing stage of D2were significantlyhigher than the other treatments, irrigation amount of D4was significantly higher than D2,soil water consumption amount and total water consumption amount of D4was significantlylower than D2.In2011~2012growth season, under the condition of W4’, there was no significantdifference between the irrigation amount of D2and that of D4, and both were significantlylower than D3and higher than the D1. There were no significant differences among water consumption from anthesis stage to maturity stage of D2, D3and D4, and all were significan-tly higher than that of D1. Soil water consumption amount of D2was significantly higher thanthe other treatments, and the total water consumption amount of it was higher than D4, andlower than D3.The results suggest that, in2010~2011growth season, under the condition of W6, D2treatment reduced the irrigation amount, promoted the use of soil water. D4reduced the totalwater consumption. In2011~2012growth season, under the condition of W4’, D2and D4promoted water use at the later growth stage, reduced irrigation amount and total waterconsumption amount, improved the water use efficiency and irrigation benefit of wheat.2.2The carbon metabolism of winter wheatIn2010~2011growth season, under the condition of W6, soluble sugar content in flag leafof D2and D4were lower than D1and D3at21days after anthesis. Dry matter allocationamount in the grain and the distribution proportion at maturity of D2and D4weresignificantly higher than D1and D3, and both had high dry matter transportation of vegitativeorgans and high dry matter assimilation amount after anthesis.In2011~2012growth season, under the condition of W1’, W4’ and W6’, the photosynthe-ticc rate and transpiration rate of D4were higher than D2. Under the condition of W4’,sucrose phosphate synthase in flag leaf of D4was higher than D2at14days after anthesis,and sucrose content in flag leaf of D4was lower than D2. Dry matter allocation in grain andthe allocation rate at maturity stage of D2and D4was significantly higher than D1and D3,and the amount of storage dry matter of pre-anthesis and transportation amount wassignificantly higher than D1and D3, and had higher dry matter assimilation than D1and D3after anthesis.The results suggest that, in2010~2011growth season, under the condition of W6’, D2and D4promoted the transportation of soluble sugar from flag leaf to the grain, and promoteddry matter accumulation and distribution to grain. In2011~2012growth season, under thecondition of W4’, D4treatment promoted sucrose synthesis and the transportation of sucrosefrom flag leaf to grain; D2and D4promoted the dry matter accumulation and the distributionto grain at maturity stage.2.3Nitrogen accumulation, distribution, and transportation of winter wheatIn2011~2012growth season, under the condition of W4’, grain nitrogen accumulation atmaturity stage of D4was significantly higher than D1, D2and D3. The nitrogen transportat-ion amount from vegetative organs to grain of D4was significantly higher than D2. Nitrogenaccumulation amount of grain at maturity stage of D4was significantly higher than D2, and D2, D4were significantly higher than that of D1and D3.The results suggest that, under the condition of W4’, D4was beneficial for nitrogentransportation from vegetative organs to grain and was beneficial for nitrogen assimilationafer anthesis.2.4Grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheatIn2010~2011growth season, under the condition of W3, W4, W5, W6and W7, there wereno significant differences among the grain yield of D2, D3with that of D4, and all significant-ly higher than that of D1.Under the condition of W1, the yield of D2was significantly higherthan the other treatments.Under the condition of W2, there were no significant differencesbetween the grain yield of D2and that of D3, and both were significantly higher than that ofD1and D4. Under the conditions of W2, W3, W4, W5, W6and W7, irrigation water useefficiency and irrigation benefit of D2were significantly higher than D3and D4. Under theconditions of W2, W4and W5, water use efficiency of D2was significantly higher than D3and D4. Under the condition of W3, W6and W7, there were no significant differences amongthe water use efficiency of D2, D3with that of D4.In2011~2012growth season, under the condition of W4’, the grain yield of D4had nosignificant differences with D2, and both significantly higher than that of D1and D3. Thewater use efficiency, irrigation water use efficiency and irrigation benifit of D4were higherthan that of D2and D3.The results suggest that, considering grain yield, water use efficiency, irrigation benefit andoperatility, D2under the condition of W6was the most optimal treatment in2010~2011growth season; D2under the condition of W4’ was the most optimal treatment in2011~2012growth season. |
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