The Intervention Effects Of Vitamin E And The Element Of Zn On Damage Of Pregnant Rats And The Offspring Exposured To Cell Phone Radiation And Its Mechanism

[Objective]The problem of electromagnetic radiation by cell phone was increasingly concernd by governments and the public. It has become a major public health problem in recent years with the rapid development of radio communication industry and the rising utilization rate of the mobile phone. The mobile phone will induce a certain wavelength of electromagnetic waves during the call which can be partly absorbed by the body. Pregnant individuals and their fetuses tend to be more sensitive to the stimulus of external harmful factors which may cause physiological damages during this special period. The appropriate amount of vitamin E and the element zinc plays an important role to maintain the the normal physiological function and the development of the body. In the experiment the pregnant rat model was established in which the intervention effects of vitamin E and Zn on damage of pregnant rats and their offsprings due to exposure to cell phone radiation and the mechanism were explored by measuring the activity of the superoxide dismutase(SOD),the content of the malondialde-hyde(MDA)、the peroxidase(POD)、the acetylcholine esterase、four kinds of amino acid neurotransmitters (aspartate、glutama、glycine、γ-aminobutyric acid) in the brain、the content of the complement C3、complement C4、the elements of Zn、Fe、Cu in the serum of the pregnant rats and newborn rats.[Methods]1. The establishment of animal modelThe Wistar pregnant rats of clean level degree, on the first pregnancy day with the weight of270-310g, purchased from Shandong University Experimental Animal Center were single caged and randomly divided into6groups (n=10), the negative control group, positive control group,low-dose VitE group, medium-dose VitE group, high-dose VitE group, and VitE+Zn group. The pregnant rats of the negative control and positive control group were intragastrically administrated the peanut oil without VitE at the dose of1ml/kg in the morning each day since the first pregnancy day. Low-dose VitE group, medium-dose VitE group, high-dose VitE group were given the peanut oil of5、15、30mg/ml VitE at the dose of1ml/kg each day on the morning since the first pregnancy day, while VitE+Zn group was administrated the peanut oil of15mg/ml and zinc sulfate solution of10mg/ml at the dose of1ml/kg respectively until the natural childbirth. The pregnant rats received the cell phone radiation60min every time and3times per day since the first pregnancy day until the natural childbirth, while the negative control group received the same treatment but the cell phone was unconnected.2. The intervention effects of vitamin E and ZnThe mental state、intake of food、urine and stool output、fur、activities and other situations of the pregnant rats in each group were observed and recorded. The weight of pregnant rats was recorded before daily gavage. The number、survival status、the early physiological development status、body weight、body length、tail length and other indicators of each newborn rat were recorded within24h after natural childbirth. Five pregnant rats after natural childbirth selected randomly in each group were killed to take blood and make tissue homogenate of10%after stripping the whole brain. At the same time25new newborn rats selected in each group were dealed with the same as the pregnant rats. The activity of SOD, the content of MDA、POD、AChE in the brain of pregnant rats and newborn rats were determined. The contents of complement C3and C4in serum were determined after centrifugation.25new newborn rats and the remaining pregnant rats were killed to take blood and strip the whole brain. The contents of aspartate、glutamat、glycine、γ-aminobutyric acid in the brain were determined after appropriate treatment. The contents of trace element Zn、Fe、Cu in serum were determined after centrifugation. [Results]1.The growth and development status of the pregnant rat and newborn ratThe pregnant rats were in good mental state, gentle temperament, well obedient and ate normally. The newborn rats were in good spirit with the tender and pink skin without deformity observed. The significance was not found among all groups on pregnant rat weight in different stages of pregnancy(P>0.05).There was no significant difference of newborn rats of all groups in the number、average weight of body、brain weight、body length、and tail length (P>0.05).2.The intervention effects of vitamin E and Zn on the activity of SOD, the content of MDA、POD in the brain of pregnant rats and the offspringThere was no significant difference found in the content of MDA in pregnant rat brain between the positive control group and negative control group(P>0.05), which showed that mobile phone radiation can not cause the MDA content increase in the pregnant rat brain. The high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn group were significantly lower than the positive control group in the MDA content of the pregnant rat brain(P<0.05). The positive control group was significantly higher than the negative control group in the MDA content of the newborn rat brain (P<0.05). The high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn group were significantly lower than the positive control group in the MDA content of the newborn rat brain(P<0.05). The VitE+Zn group was significantly lower than the medium-dose VitE group(P<0.05). The results showed that high-dose VitE might inhibit the content of MDA increase in the newborn rat brain tissue caused by cell phone radiation. The combined effect of VitE and Zn could inhance this inhibition,especially in the newborn rats.There was no significant difference found in the activity of SOD in pregnant rats brain tissue between the positive control group and negative control group (P>0.05). The high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn group were significantly higher than the positive control group in the SOD activity in the pregnant rat brain (P<0.05). The positive control group was significant lower than the negative control group (P>0.05) in the activity of SOD in newborn rat brain tissue. The low-dose VitE group, medium-dose VitE group, high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn group were significantly higher than the positive control group in the SOD activity in the newborn rat brain(P<0.05). The VitE+Zn group was significantly higher than the medium-dose VitE group (P<0.05), which indicated that the combined effect of VitE and Zn was higher than the effect of VitE singly.There was no significant difference in the content of POD in the pregnant rat brain tissue when the positive control group was compared with the negative control group (P>0.05).The low-dose VitE group, medium-dose VitE group, high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn group were significantly higher than the positive control group in the content of POD in the pregnant rat brain. The positive control group was significantly lower than the negative control group in the content of POD in the newborn rat brain while the low-dose VitE group, medium-dose VitE group, high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn group were significantly higher than the positive control group. The results showed that low-dose, medium-dose, high-dose VitE might inhibit the content of POD decrease in the pregnant and newborn rat brain tissue caused by cell phone radiation.The combined use effect of VitE and Zn can not inhance this inhibition effect.There was no significant difference in the content of AChE in the pregnant rat brain tissue among all group, which showed that cell phone radiation can not cause the content of AChE changed in the pregnant rat brain. The positive control group was significantly higher than the negative group control group in the content of AChE in the newborn rat brain. The medium-dose VitE group, high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn intervention group were significantly lower than the positive control group in the content of AChE in the newborn rat brain. There was no significant difference between the VitE+Zn group and the medium-dose VitE group(P<0.05), which showed that the medium-dose, high-dose VitE both might inhibit the content of AChE increase in the newborn rat brain tissue caused by cell phone radiation. The combined use of VitE and Zn can not inhance this inhibition effect.3.The method study for the determination of the content of four amino acid neurotransmitters(Asp、Glu、Gly、GABA) in rat brain.The four amino acid neurotransmitters were completely separated in rat brain under given conditions, the retention time of Asp (3.65min)、Glu(4.34min)、 Gly(8.22min)、GABA (9.67min). They, over the range of0.1-1μg/ml, remained a good linear relationship (r≥0.9950), Asp:Y=1.9122E7X-3.4354E5(r=0.9966); the detection limits:5.8750×10-10μg/ml; the recoveries:105.6%,100.4%and97.35%; the inter-day RSD:3.0%,3.0%and3.9%; the intra-day RSD:5.3%,6.4%and5.1%; Glu:Y=1.9122E7X-3.4353E5(r=0.9951); the detection limits:2.8274×10-10μg/ml; the recoveries:95.36%、97.53%and95.19%; the inter-day RSD:1.0%、2.8%、2.9%;the intra-day RSD:2.5%、7.0%and5.1%;Gly:Y=2.7782E7X+2.8747E5(r=0.9977);the detection limits:9.4497×10-10μg/ml;the recoveries:95.36%,97.53%and95.19%; the inter-day RSD:4.3%,0.9%and1.5%; the intra-day RSD:6.7%、5.4%and5.7%.GABA:Y=1.9366X+4.4847E5(r=0.9962);the detection limits:2.2896×10-10μg/ml;the recoveries:104.7%、107.4%and103.9%;the inter-day RSD:3.9%,2.8%and3.8%;the intra-day RSD:5.4%,4.3%and6.6%.4. The intervention effects of vitamin E and the element of Zn on Asp、Glu、Gly、 GABA in the brain of pregnant rats and the offspringThere was no significant difference in the content of Asp、Gly、GABA in the pregnant rat brain tissue among all group(P<0.05), which showed that cell phone radiation can not cause the change of the contents of the three amino acid neurotransmitters in the pregnant rat brain. The positive control group was significantly lower than the negative group control group in the content of Glu in the group pregnant rat brain. The medium-dose VitE group, high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn were significantly higher than the positive control group in the content of Glu in the pregnant rat brain(P<0.05), which showed that VitE might inhibit the content of Glu decreased in the pregnant rat brain tissue caused by cell phone radiation.There was no significant difference in the content of Asp、Gly、GABA in the newborn rat brain tissue among all group(P<0.05), which showed that cell phone radiation can not cause the change of the content of the three amino acid neurotransmitters in the newborn rat brain. The positive control group was significantly lower than the negative group control group in the content of Glu in the newborn rat brain. The low-dose VitE group, medium-dose VitE group, high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn group were significantly higher than the positive control group in the content of Glu in the newborn rat brain(P<0.05).5. The intervention effects of vitamin E and Zn on the complement C3、C4in the brain of pregnant rats and the offspringThe positive control group was significantly lower than the negative group control group in the content of the complement C3in the pregnant rat serum(P<0.05).The medium-dose VitE group, high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn group were significantly higher than the positive control group in the content of the complement C3in the pregnant rat serum(P<0.05). The positive control group was significantly lower than the negative group control group in the content of the complement C4in the pregnant rat serum(P<0.05). The high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn group were significantly higher than the positive control group in the content of the complement C4in the pregnant rat serum(P<0.05).The VitE+Zn group was higher than the medium-dose VitE group in the content of the complement C4in the pregnant rat serum(.P<0.05), which showed that the content of C3、C4in pregnant rat serum could be significantly reduced by cell phone radiation, and the medium-dose VitE, high-dose VitE could make a significant recovery. At the same time VitE and Zn performed a synergy effect.The positive control group was significantly lower than the negative group control group in the content of the complement C3in the newborn rat serum(P<0.05).The high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn group were significantly higher than the positive control group in the content of the complement C3in the newborn rat serum(P<0.05). The VitE+Zn group was higher than the medium-dose VitE group in the content of the complement C4in the newborn rat serum(P<0.05). The experimental results were basically same between the pregnant rats and newborn rats.6. The intervention effects of vitamin E and Zn on the content of Zn、Fe、Cu in the serum of pregnant rats and the offspringThe positive control group was significantly lower than the negative group control group in the content of zinc in the pregnant and newborn rat serum(P<0.05). The high-dose VitE group and VitE+Zn group were significantly higher than the positive control group in the content of Zn in the pregnant and newborn rat serum (P<0.05). The VitE+Zn group was higher than the medium-dose VitE group in the content of Zn in the pregnant and newborn rat serum(P<0.05). The results showed that cell phone radiation could cause the content of Zn reduction in the pregnant and newborn rat serum, and the medium-dose VitE, high-dose VitE could make a significant recovery. At the same time VitE and Zn performed a synergy effect. The experimental results were basically same between the pregnant rats and newborn rats, but the low-dose VitE showed significant inhibition effect to the newborn rats.There was no significant difference among all groups in the content of Fe in the pregnant rat serum (P>0.05). The positive control group was significantly lower than the negative group control group in the content of Zn in the newborn rat serum (P<0.05). There was no significant improvement after the supplement of VitE and Zn.There was no significant difference among all groups in the content of Cu in the pregnant rat serum (P>0.05). The positive control group was significantly lower than the negative control group in the content of Cu in the newborn rat serum (P<0.05). There was no significant difference when the positive control group was compared with the low-dose VitE group, medium-dose VitE group, high-dose VitE group, VitE+Zn group, which showed that VitE and Zn could not inhibit the decrease of Fe content in the newborn rat serum induced by cell phone radiation.[Conclusion]1.No significant effect of VitE and Zn was found on body weight of the pregnant rat、 mental state、the general growth and development of the newborn rats.2.A certain dose of VitE have antioxidant protective effect in pregnant and newborn rats exposured to cell phone radiation.The combined effect of Zn and VitE has a significant intervention role in the change of SOD in the pregnant rat brain tissue and MDA、SOD in the newborn rat brain tissue.3. No significant change of the AChE in the pregnant brain tissue induced by cell phone radiation was found. But it is singficantly increased in newborn brain which could be inhibited by the medium-dose VitE and high-dose VitE. VitE in a certain dose also plays an inhibition role on the Glu decrease in the pregnant and newborn rat brain.4.A certain dose of VitE could singficantly intervent the content of C3、C4in the pregnant rat brain and C3in the newborn rat. VitE and Zn performed a synergy effect in protecting the complement of the pregnant and newborn rats, and can enhance immunity significantly.5.VitE and Zn could not affect the content of Cu、Fe in newborn rat serum, but could inhibit Zn decrease in pregnant and newborn rat serum with the obvious synergy effect.