The Microscope And Endoscope Anatomy Of The Transverse Sinus And Torcular Herophili

Objective:To study the gross and microscopic anatomy of the transverse sinus and torcular herophili area, using endoscopy to study the transverse sinus venous blood flow and torcular herophili area distribution advantage, venous drainage of the bridge vein, transverse sinus cavity chordae structure, arachnoid granulations, anatomy of the torcular herophili area and its clinical significance.Methods:10(20sides) wet adult head specimens, remove the calvaria, observe the transverse sinus and torcular herophili area gross anatomy, temporal and occipital vein bridge, shape and distribution of the Labbe vein and bridge vein from the cerebella and other traffic vein, observe how the blood flow splits in torcular herophili. Explore chordae structure, bridge vein, arachnoid granulations and the original structure of the torcular herophili characteristics in transverse sinus cavity; eventually, the sinuses were longitudinally slit for direct observation of the chordae, arachnoid granulations and torcular herophili using standard anatomical methods.Results:Transverse sinus continues on straight sinus and sagittal sinus, its capacity is mainly related to superior sagittal sinus blood flow,5cases take the right side of the advantage,3cases take the advantage on the left side, and the balance type in2cases. Observed under endoscope, the chordae in the lumen of transverse sinus was divided into three types:valvelikelike, trabecular and lamellar types. Valvelike chordae spreads around the venous opening, the openings of straight sinus in the transverse sinus can also exist valvelike chordae, which have the function preventing blood reflux effect; Trabecular chordate occurs in isolation or consecutively appear in parallel, a support on both sides of the normal sinus wall structure from the effects of external pressure; Lamellar common to transverse sinus lumen is separated into two or three different sizes of pipe, and reduce the hydrostatic pressure increasing How; Bridge openings are located in the epidural venous sinus Angle, chordae common valvelike opening; Arachnoid granulations appeared alone, or clusters, often in the side wall and venous fossae was digitation into the sinus cavity. The bridge veins conects to transverse sinus mainly drains venous blood from temporal and occipital lobe and cerebellum, Diameter of the veins arising from the temporal and occipital lobe, on average,2.4±1.1mm per side,2.3±1.0mm on the left side, while2.4±1.2mm on the right side relatively, bridge vein from the cerebellar, on average,5.7±2.5mm per side,5.5±2.4mm on the left side, and5.7±2.9mm on the right side relatively, the figures of two sides showed no statistically differences (P=0.05).Conclusion:1. The transverse sinus mainly drains venous blood from superior sagittal sinus and straight sinus, more splits in torcular herophili to the right right dominancely.2. The bridge veins conects to transverse sinus mainly drains venous blood from temporal and occipital lobe and cerebellum, the diameters of two sides showed no statistically differences (P≤0.05).3. The endoscope observation in the transverse sinus cavity shows the chordae is divided into three types:valvelike, trabecular, lamellar. Valvelike chordae is closely related to the venous openings, it can also exists valvelike around the straight sinus openings in the torcular herophili, which has the function preventing blood reflux; Trabecular chordae occurs in isolation or consecutively appear in parallel, to support both sides of the sinus wall against the effects of external pressure; Lamellar chordae may divide the TS lumen into two or three separate channels of different sizes to reduce the hydrostatic pressure and increase the blood How velocity; Bridge vein openings are located in the epidural venous sinus angle, valvelike chordae often exists; Arachnoid granulations appear alone, or clusters, often as digitationes at the lateral wall or lateral crypt of middle segment of the sinus cavity. 4. Comparing with routine anatomy method, application of conventional endoscopic anatomy is much easier to visually observe the transverse sinus and torcular herophili cavity structure of the original morphology.