| Wheat is grown throughout the world of one of the most widely crops. And it is also the main food of China. Wheat has a long development history in our country. During the succession, there are some changes on the requirements of soil moisture and soil fertility, and the change also appears in yield of wheat. At the same time, fertilizer will affect the properties of wheat and the soil fertility. After understanding the influence, we can via the choice of suitable varieties and rational fertilization to get good yield gains and soil fertility. Therefore, study the Coupling effect between wheat varieties, fertilization and soil fertility, has great realistic significance. We investigated ten varieties of wheat from1940to2004, such as Wuzhimai, Bimalhao, Shaannong lhao, Fengchan3hao Zhengzhou24, Changwu702, Qinmai4hao, Changwu131, Changwu134and Changhan58planted in Guanzhong Plain and Weibei Dry Plateau of Shaanxi province. Combining the different wheat varieties with different fertilization treatment, we analized the soil moisture, the total N, the available N, the available P, the available K, the O.M.and the yield. The results are as follows:1The soil water(1) The soil moisture. With the evolution of the wheat varieties the soil moisture is increased. In reviving period, the soil moisture content of Wuzhimai (1940s) is the lowest, however, the soil moisture content of changhan58is the highest,1.39%higher than that of Wuzhimai in0～40cm. The soil moisture content of Wuzhimai is the lowest, however, the soil moisture content of changwu131is the highest,1.37%higher than that of Wuzhimai in40-100cm. The soil moisture content of Wuzhimai (1940s) is the lowest, however, the soil moisture content of changhan58is the highest,2.29%higher than that of Wuzhimai in100～200cm. In harvest period, the soil moisture content of Wuzhimai (1940s) is the lowest, however, the soil moisture content of changhan58is the highest,2.28%higher than that of Wuzhimai in0～40cm. The soil moisture content of Wuzhimai is the lowest, however, the soil moisture content of changwu131is the highest,2.61%higher than that of Wuzhimai in40～100cm. The soil moisture content of Wuzhimai (1940s) is the lowest, however, the soil moisture content of changhan58is the highest,19.00%higher than that of Wuzhimai in100～200cm.(2)The water use efficiency (WUE).With the evolution of the wheat varieties the WUE is increased. The WUE content of Changhan58(2004) is the highest,51.06%higher than Wuzhimai (1940s),21.48%higher than1960s varieties and29.63%higher than1970s varieties..It means that, improving the wheat varieties can enhance the capacity of soil moisture absorption, utilization and the drought resistance of wheat.2The wheat varieties And Soil Fertility(1) The total N and the available N are lower in the early wheat varieties. Under the contrast (CK) treatment, the total N content of Wuzhimai (1940s) is the lowest. However, the total N content of Changhan58is the highest,39.62%higher than that of Wuzhimai in the reviving period, and24.97%higher than that of Wuzhimai in the harvest period. In the reviving period, the available N content of Bimalhao (1940s) is the lowest, but the available N content of Changhan58is the highest,37.67%higher than that of Bimalhao. In the harvest period, the available N of Wuzhimai (1940s) is the lowest, but the available N content of Changhan58is the highest,31.26%higher than that of Wuzhimai.(2) The available P, available K and O.M.of early wheat varieties are lower than modern varieties. Under the contrast (CK) treatment, their contents of Wuzhimai are the lowest but their contents of Changhan58are the highest.In reviving period, the content of available P is31.88%higher than Wuzhimai, the content of available K is9.37%higher than Wuzhimai and the content of O.M.is14.56%higher than Wuzhimai.In harvest time the content of available P is18.33%higher than Wuzhimai, the content of available K is8.10%higher than Wuzhimai and the content of O.M.is10.35%higher than Wuzhimai.3Fertilization and Soil fertility(1) With the increase of N fertilizer application the content of total N is increased. In reviving period, the average content of soil total N under all kinds of treatments are:CK is0.79g/kg, N60is0.82g/kg, N120is0.86g/kg, N180is0.88g/kg and N240is0.95g/kg.Compared with CK all treatments increased respectively:4.71%,9.33%,12.51%and21.05%.In harvest period the average content of soil total N under all kinds of treatments are:CK is0.93g/kg,N60is0.95g/kg,N120is0.98g/kg,N180is0.99g/kg and N240is1.03g/kg. Compared with CK all treatments increased respectively:2.63%,5.79%,7.24%and11.67%.(2) With the increase of N fertilizer application available N is increased. In reviving period, the average content of soil available N under all kinds of treatments are:CK is47.50mg/kg, N60is55.26mg/kg,N120is57.96mg/kg,N180is60.59mg/kg and N240is62.18mg/kg.Compared with CK all treatments increased respectively:16.34%,22.02%,27.58%and30.92%.In harvest period the average content of soil available N under all kinds of treatments are:CK is62.21mg/kg,N60is65.40mg/kg,N120is69.01mg/kg,N180is72.71mg/kg and N240is78.79mg/kg. Compared with CK all treatments increased respectively:5.13%,10.92%,16.88%and26.65%.(3) There is not significantly affected by different N treatments. In reviving period, the average content of soil available P under all kinds of treatments are:CK is25.80mg/kg, N60is25.14mg/kg, N120is26.07mg/kg, N180is26.25mg/kg and N240is27.39mg/kg. In harvest period, the average content of soil available P under all kinds of treatments are:CK is26.30mg/kg,N60is26.24mg/kg、 N120is26.47mg/kg,N180is26.93mg/kg and N240is26.94mg/kg. The content remained stable. The results of previous studies have proved that N fertilizer on soil available P is not obvious.(4) With the increase of N fertilizer application the content of soil available K is decreased. In reviving period, the average content under all kinds of treatments are:CK is168.04mg/kg, N60is166.30mg/kg, N120is163.68mg/kg, N180is161.36mg/kg and N240is158.89mg/kg. Compared with CK all treatments decreased respectively:1.04%,2.60%,3.98%and5.45%.In harvest period the average content under all kinds of treatments are:CK is179.67mg/kg, N60is177.24mg/kg, N120is176.51mg/kg, N180is175.00mg/kg and N240is172.83mg/kg. Compared with CK all treatments decreased respectively:1.35%,1.76%,2.47%and3.81%.(5) With the increase of N fertilizer application the content of O.M. is increased. In reviving period, the average content of soil O.M. under all kinds of treatments is:CK is10.89g/kg, N60is11.01g/kg, N120is11.19g/kg, N180is11.22g/kg and N240is11.44g/kg. Compared with CK all treatments increased respectively:1.15%,2.79%,3.03%and5.12%.In harvest period the average content of soil OM. are:CK is11.50g/kg, N60is11.71g/kg, N120is11.91g/kg, N180is12.16g/kg and N240is12.36g/kg. Compared with CK all treatments increased respectively:1.87%,3.63%,5.77%and7.51%.4Agronomic characters And Yield(1)With the evolution of varieties, the wheat plant high becomes short. Compare with bimalhao (1940s), the modern varieties of changwu134, changwu131and Changhan58have been shortened39.98%,38.25%and35.22%. Under the contrast (CK) treatment, the internodes lengths of early varieties are longer than modern varieties.In different fertilizer treatments, the analysis of variance proofed, there are not obvious differences on the plant height among all the fertilization treatments. This result is consistent with previous studies; the impact of fertilizer on wheat internodes length is not significant.(2) After comparison, the spike length is longer of modern varieties than early.Compared with bimalhao (1940s) shannonglhao is28.10%longer than it, changwu702(1970s) is31.69%longer than it and Changhan58(2004) is24.33%longer than it.The change trend of spike, the spike number and grain number are the same with spike length. And with the evolution of varieties, the yield and the1000-grain weight are increased. Compared with Wuzhimai (1940s), the1000-grain weight increased by97.20%and the yield increased by103.89%of Changhan58(2004).With the fertilizer rate increasing the spike length and the spike number are increasing.In early varieties take Wuzhimai for example, compared with CK the yield increased byl11.44%underN180treatment,144.32%under N240treatment.Changhan58is increased by41.19%under N240treatment. This shows that the early wheat varieties under the influence on cultivation of factors. And under diffident treatments the yield keeps stable of modern varieties. That means high yield has been the characteristics of modern varieties.From all results, it is suggested that modern high yield of wheat varieties can be used in the future food production of Weibei Dry Plateau, such as changhan58, changwu134and changwu131, and the nitrogen fertilizer seems to remain in180kg/hm2～240kg/hm2... |
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