Assessment Of Damage Of Marine Ecosystem Services Caused By Offshore Oil Spill Based On REA

The development and utilization of offshore oil resources are enlarging increasingly, because of the frequent maritime transport and oil exploration, the oil spill accidents occur frequently. Petroleum have become the main contaminant in seawater in China and the oil pollution is getting worse and worse. Among the oil spill accident, most of which occurred in coastal waters. Due to the highly sensitive nature of the coastal marine ecosystem, Oil pollution is stressful for coastal waters. Thus it has become a commonly concerned topic all around the world to assess ocean ecosystem damage which caused from oil spill. However, among the claims of oil spill damage, most of assessment of losses of oil focus on the assessment of direct losses, including the loss of fishery resources, the cost of the rack cleaner, etc.; among the studies of oil spill damages, ecological damage, ecological value loss, etc. have been concerned, but not ecosystem service loss. So the research of the oil spill occurred in coastal is urgently needed.This paper studies the ecological losses caused by oil spill in coastal based on the multiple disciplines of Ocean Chemistry, Marine Ecology, Environmental Economics, Integrated Coastal Zone Management and so on., as well through reference research, information-gathering, theoretical analysis. It summarizes the historical evolution of the concept of ecological services and the assessment method of the loss of marine ecosystem services, also revises the Resource Equivalency Analysis (REA). It provide some reference value for the management and policy making.This paper achieves the following goals:(1) Oil spill brings severe environmental impact, such as destroying air-sea exchange, decreasing the marine primary productivity, being dangerous to human health and destroying landscapes and habitats. While we still have a certain gap in law-making of oil pollution and lack a sound supervision system and regulations in China. Most of assessment of losses of oil focus on the assessment of direct losses, including the loss of fishery resources, the cost of the rack cleaner, etc. A lack of assessment of marine ecosystem services. So it is necessary to assess marine ecosystem services.(2) The paper summarizes and also discusses the definition of marine ecosystem services. Marine Ecosystem Services is the incomes which humans gain from marine ecosystem, and then we classifies marine ecosystem service and its sub-services, it is classified into four categories:provisioning service, regulating service, cultural service and supporting service.Sums up the evaluation method of ecosystem services at home and abroad, including the NRDA method system: HEA, REA, CVM; Artificial neural network model; Washington assessment formula model; Florida assessment formula model;"Tasman sea" ecological value of oil spill damage assessment; Monetization assessment and other kinds of evaluation methods. Through comparative of the advantages and disadvantages of the various kinds of method, we determine REA as the main method of assessment of offshore oil spill.(3) Through discusses REA method, the author found that the determination of parameter I (Marine ecosystem damage degree) just by assumption in most research which using REA method to assess the loss of marine ecosystem services, its parameters is not clearly defined. We have corrected and improved the REA method, it determine the different I under different concentrations of PAHs:The concentrations range is0-0.005mg/L, I=0; the range is0.005-0.03mg/L, I=5%; the range is0.03-0.05mg/L, I=30%; the range is0.05-0.3mg/L, I=50%; the range is0.3-0.5mg/L, I=60%; the concentration is0.5mg/L, I=80%; concentration above1mg/L, I=100%.Using the oil concentration in seawater to definition of Marine ecosystem services damage degree, which can ensure that the parameters in the formula is more scientific.(4) REA method was applied to the "Tasman sea" vessel oil spill accident to assess the marine ecosystem services loss of this case, the results show that the total value of Marine ecosystem service loss is about128.6million RMB, and comparing with other cases to prove REA which under corrected is scientific and rational. At the same time, we use REA to assess the marine ecosystem services loss of "BARELI" oil spill accident occurred at in XingHua bay in Fujian province in2012. The results show that the total value of the Marine ecosystem services loss is about12.6727million RMB.(5) Through theoretical analysis and case study, the paper intends to supply experience and reference to the relevant policy making department and related studies.