Effects Of Melamine And/or Cyanuric Acid On The Liver, Kidney And Immune Function Of Esa Brown Chicken

[Objective]The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of melamine (Melamine,M) and/or cyanuric acid (Cyanuric Acid, CA) on the liver, kidney and immune function ofEsa Brown rooster.[Methods] In this experiment, a total of1445-day-old Esa Brown rooster were randomlyallocated to six groups (control group, melamine group, cyanuric acid group, first melamineand then cyanuric acid group, first cyanuric acid and then melamine group, melamine andcyanuric acid group)with four replicates per group and six birds per replicate.The dose of Mand CA both were150mg/kg. Chicken were administrated drugs for30days, and the followresearches were taken: determination of the level of blood uaea nitrogen(BUN) and uric acid(UA),in serum,activity of alanine aminotransferase(ALT), aspartate aminotransferase(AST) onthe11th,21st and31st day, the spleen index was calculated.Then the spleen and peripheralblood lymphocyte transformation were detected by the SRB method;Meanwile, liver, kidney,spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius were taken at once in anatomy, paraffin section prepared,HE staining, microscopic observation and photograph were conducted.[Results] Necropsy shows that the edge of the liver of test group was ikhaki-gray andpart of the liver was dark red; Part of the kidney of test group was gray soil, part of the regionwas dark red, and kidney was slightly swollen; Spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius werenormal. histological examination indicated that liver and kidney were damaged in varyingdegrees; It could be observed that hepatic cells were disorder with abnormal lobulararchitecture, hepatic cells was steatosis and hepatic sinusoid extravasated blood. It showedthat swelling epithelial cells in renal tubule, and fragmentation of epithelial cell membrane,proliferation of some epithelial cells in the kidney, part of the lumen was stenosis andobstructed, the glomerulus atrophy, and kidney balloon ex pansion. The biochemical testindicated that ALT activity was increased,after administration for10days, group V wassignificantly increased (P＜0.01);After administration for20days and30days,the ALT ofgroup III, IV increased significantly(P＜0.01). No obvious abnormality was found on AST activity. The UA content was increased;After administration for20days, compared with thecontrol group,group IV was significantly increased(P＜0.01),and group III was alsosignificantly increased(P＜0.05);After administration for30days,the value of group V washigher than group I and II, the value of group III and IV were higher than group V, and thevalue of group IV was highest.The BUN content was increased also; Compared with thecontrol group，other groups were increased after administration for10days, and the group IVwas significantly increased(P＜0.05);After administration for20days, compared with thecontrol group, group III, IV, V were significantly increased(P＜0.01);And after adminitrationfor30days,group III was increased(P＜0.01), group IV was also increased(P＜0.05). Herewere the effects of melamine and/or cyanuric acid on the ALT,AST, UA, BUN of Esa Brownrooster at10,20and30d;Compared with the ALT activity after administration for10days,groupIII and IV were raised significantly(P＜0.01);There was no significant change on AST;Compared with the value of UA after administration for10days, group III, IV were increased.Compared with the value of BUN after administration for10days, group III afteradministration for30days was significantly increased(P＜0.05). Between the six groups,there was no significant influence on the spleen index after administration for10days;Compared with the control group, the spleen index of all experimental groups were decreasedafter administration for20days; After administration for30days, the value of group IV wasreduced significantly(P＜0.01), and group III was also reduced significantly(P＜0.05). Herewere the effects of lymphocyte transformation; And compared with the control group, The SIof splenic T lymphocytes of the test groups was reduced; Group III, IV were reducedsignificantly(P＜0.05); The SI of splenic B lymphocytes of the test groups was also reduced;And group III, IV, V were decreased significantly(P＜0.05). Cmopared with the control group,the stimulation index(SI) of peripheral blood T lymphocytes of the test groups was reduced,group IV, V were reduced significantly(P＜0.01), and group III was also decreased(P＜0.05);The SI of peripheral blood B lymphocytes of the test groups was reduced; Group III, IV, Vwere significantly reduced(P＜0.01).[Conclusion] Melamine and/or cyanuric acid increased the ALT activity of Esa Brownrooster, and there was no obvious abnormality on AST activity, the value of UA and BUN wasincreased, spleen index and lymphocyte transformation rate were reduced. At the same time,hepatic cells were disorder with abnormal lobular architecture, hepatic cells was steatosis andhepatic sinusoid extravasated blood. Swelling epithelial cells in renal tubule, andfragmentation of epithelial cell membrane, proliferation of some epithelial cells in the kidney,part of the lumen was stenosis and obstructed, the glomerulus atrophy,and kidney balloon expansion. Liver, kidney and spleen were damaged in varying degrees, thymus and bursa offabricius were normal. Melamine co-exposured to cyanuric acid show higher toxicitycompared with either them alone; The toxicity of administration melamine and cyanuric acid indifferent orders was higher than that administration them at the same time; The most toxicwas feeding cyanuric acid first,then feeding melamine.