| The increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and temperatureare the salient features of climate change. Atmospheric CO2concentration and temperature are essential environmental factors which affect the crop production, elarify the impact on crop growth and yield will provide an important theoretical basis for the accurate prediction and assessment of climate change impact on food security. Wheat is one of the most important food crop in the world, CO2concentration and temperature changes will certainly cause changes in wheat growth and development of physiological and ecological processes and their productivity. This study carried out the rice-wheat rotation platform with free air CO2enrichment (FACE) and free air temperature increased (FATI) in Changshu China(31°35’N,120°55’E), A medium-gluten wheat Yangmai14was the experimental material, the study set up different treatments:control (CK), FACE(F), FATI(T), FATI+FACE(T+F) cultivation experiment in November2011to May2013. Using the different processing test data, quantitatively analysis the effect of the atmospheric CO2concentration and temperature increasing on the growth and development indicator of wheat (growth period, leaf area index(LAI), leaf photosynthetic efficiency, dry matter production and partitioning of wheat) and yield indicators (the grain yield,1000-grain-weight, spike number, grain number per spike). The main research results are follows:(1) The wheat whole growth duration were190d,188d,179d,180d in CK, FACE, FACE+FATI, FATI treatment. Compared with CK, FACE, FACE+FATI, FATI shortened the wheat whole growth duration by2d,11d,10d; and the duration form sowing to heading shortened byld,9d and8d; the duration from heading to maturity shortened byld,2d and2d.(2) Under saturated light intensity(2000μmol·m-2·s-1), the net photosynthetic rate of wheat were increased in FACE and FACE+FATI treatment. FATI increased the net photosynthetic rate from jointing to booting, but reduced during heating to maturty. In FACE the net photosynthetic rate under saturated light intensity were incresed by20.03%、 23.48%、22.40%.23.55%than the control at jointing、booting, heating、filling stage; FACE+FATI incresed by29.92%.31.33%.27.28%、17.41%; and in FATI incresed by2.38%、0.72%at jointing, booting, but reduced by8.49%、12.97%at heating and filling stage.(3) FACE reduced the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of wheat. FACE+FATI increased stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of wheat. FATI increased the transpiration rate and increased stomatal conductance between jointing to booting, but reduced it from heating to filling stage. In FACE the stomatal conductance were reduced by18.77%、7.97%、20.36%、2.36%at jointing, booting, heating and filling. In FACE+FATI the stomatal conductance were increased by7.34%、2.34%,0.53%、16.78%at jointing, booting, heating and filling. FATI increased the stomatal conductance by11.43%and7.83%at jointing and booting, reduced the stomatal conductance by15.14%and5.09%at heating and filling. In FACE the transpiration rate were reduced by8.20%,13.24%、15.49%、5.75%at jointing, booting, heating and filling. In FACE+FATI the transpiration rate were increased by9.82%、4.03%、8.71%、47.70%at jointing, booting, heating and filling. FATI increased it by20.67%、63.63%、5.26%、28.13%.(3) FACE、FATI treatment both reduced the chlorophyll content of flag(SPAD), FACE+FATI increased the chlorophyll content from jointing to booting,but reduced during heating to maturity. In FACE the SPAD were reduced by3.31%、5.33%、6.18%、7.35%at jointing, booting, heating and filling. In FACE+FATI the SPAD were increased3.23%、2.42%by jointing and booting, but it were reduced by0.06%、5.89%at heating and filling. In FATI the SPAD were reduced by1.05%、2.46%、2.99%、10.18%.(4) FACE incresed the leaf area index(LAI) of wheat from jointing to blooming stage,reduced it from filling to maturity. FACE+FATI、FATI both incresed the LAI at jointing, but reduced from booting to maturity. The LAI were incresed by6.17%、4.25%、5.16%、3.92%at jointing、 booting、heating, blooming, filling stage in FACE. The LAI were incresed by11.56%at jointing, and reduced by10.54%、13.27%、32.29%、36.72%at booting、heating, blooming, filling stage in FACE+FATI. The LAI were incresed by2.03%at jointing, and reduced by20.71%、18.32%、28.88%、28.11%at booting, heating、 blooming、filling stage in FACE+FATI.(5) FACE increased wheat dry matter accumulation of the overground part. FACE+FATI have the increasing trend of dry matter accumulation from jointing to booting, and reduced it from heating to maturity. FATI have decreasing effect on dry matter accumulation. Wheat dry matter accumulation of the overground part were increased by5.83%.16.96%.14.83%.14.38%.12.02%.5.47%at jointing, booting, heating, blooming, filling and maturity. FACE+FATI significantly increased by18.59%.12.55%at jointing and booting, and reduced by4.17%、5.84%.7.83%、7.29%at heating、blooming, filling and maturity. FATI reduced the dry matter accumulation by0.13%、6.19%、12.17%、16.01%、18.17%、21.52%at jointing, booting, heating, blooming, filling and maturity. For the partitioning ratio of stem-sheath、leaf and spike, FACE substantially increased the partitioning ratio of stem-sheath, reduced the partitioning ratio of leaf and spike. FACE+FATI increased the partitioning ratio of stem-sheath and spike, reduced the partitioning ratio of leaf. FATI reduced the partitioning ratio of stem-sheath,and increased the partitioning ratio of spike; but for the leaf, FATI increased the partitioning ratio of leaf from jointing to heating, reduced it from blooming to maturity.(6) FACE increased the yield, and FACE+FATI. FATI reduced the yield of wheat. As for the yield component, FACE significantly increased the effective spike, increased grain number per spike, but significantly reduced the wheat thousant grain weight. FACE+FATI increased the grain number per spikes and thousant grain weight of wheat, but both have no significant effect, and it reduced the effective spikes.FATI reduced the the effective spikes,increased thousant grain weight and significantly reduced the grain number per spike. The study showed that, FACE increased the effective spikes per Square meters by8.17%than the control, and FACE+FATI. FATI reduced by6.98%.8.27%. FACE、FACE+FATI increased the grain number per spike by6.73%.0.91%, FATI reduced by12.10%. FACE reduced the wheat thousant grain weight by6.11%, and FACE+FATI. FATI incresed by2.23%.3.90%.(7) The research indicated that the cooperation of carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and temperature increasing reduced the theoretical yield of wheat. The yield between control and FATI. The main reasons of lower yield of wheat duing to carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and temperature increasing are follows:1. The inceasing of CO2concentration and temperature significantly shortened the wheat growth process, Seriously reduced accumulation of wheat photosynthetic products.2. The inceasing of CO2concentration and temperature accelerated the fading speed of the leaf, the LAI and net photosynthetic rate obviously reduced after heating stage. Additionally, the yield of CO2concentration and temperature increasing was higher than temperature increasing treatment. Illustrated that, fertilizer efficiency of CO2will bring some compensation for the negative effect of high temperture.The study define the effect on the growing and development and yield of the increased CO2concentration and temperature. Broadened the research and awareness of wheat production under climate change. This work supports strongly scientific consultation and theoretical basis to the crop production, farmland ecosystem management and improvement of planting techniques to adopt the climate change. |
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