| Ma l us siever sii is not only the rare Ter tiar y relic spec ies, but als o an im por tant pa rt of thewor ld apple ge ne pool. Its dis tribution area is ma inly in Central As ia, Kazakhs ta n, Kyr gyzsta n,Uz be kis ta n, Tajikis ta n, Tur kme nista n Re public and the wester n m ountain of Xinjiang in China.Ma l us sievers ii m ostly dis tribute d in the f or m of pure f ores t in Tia nsha n Moun tains s hady orsem i-s ha dy, and is a n im porta nt res ource in wester n Mounta ins, whic h ha ve var iety of e xce lle ntresista nce sym ptoms s uc h as cold, dr ought tolera nce, pes t resis tance etc af ter a long-ter menvir onme nta l domesticate d, can be pr ovide d f or the c ul tivation of a pple ger m plas m bree dingand cultivation. I n recent years, to pr otect this valua ble res ource Malus sieversii is im m ine nt,beca use the distribution area of Malus sieversii is in a declining state with huma n activities andpests. T he researc h of Malus sieversii charac teris tics investigations, bree d charac teris tics,m icr ostr ucture a nd divers ity is im por ta nt f or the or igin, eolution a nd ec ologica l ada ptability.1Malus sievers ii res ources s ur ve yInvestigation time is mainly in flowe ring and fr uitin g period, and the s ur ve y population isma inly XinYua n, GongLiu, NaLa Ti, E Min a nd TuoL i populations. T hr ough the s ur ve y, withoutbeing s ubject to e xtre me c lima tic c onditions, Malus sievers ii f lowering a nd fr uit ripe ning is inApr il and July eac h year; Malus sieversii ha ve natura l re ge neration a bility by seed see dling a ndroot s uc ker bree ding to update; Malus sieversii fr uiting is influe nce d by clima te conditions;Ma l us s ieversii se vere ly affecte d by pes ts and disease s, som e mes ures f or pest c ontr ol isim mine nt；“The king”of Malus s ieversii with e xce lle nt res ista nce, longer life is locate d in theNanshan of XinYuan, about600years old, called sieversii “The king”of Malus sieversii by the localpeople.2Malus sievers ii see d ger mina tion and see dlings gr owth stu dyTwo differe nt storage me thods with4℃re frigerator and outdoor base m ent and diffe rentyears Malus s ieversii seed ger m ination s tudies res ult s howed that the see ds of the sa m e yea r, thetwo stra tif ication me thods for see d ger mina tion is insignif icant, the ger m ination ra te is96%a nd94%, the outdoor s lightly higher tha n refr igerator at4℃; under4℃refr ige rator stra tif icationconditions, ger m ination rate of see ds s torage f or2years s lightly higher tha n f or3years, theger m ina tion respec tively is95%and94%. After sowing the seeds can ger minate at the spee dgr owth of2~3leaf/wee k.3Malus sievers ii a natom y struc tural c haracter s tudyBy obse r veing a natomica l s tr uctures of the paraf fin of Malus s ieversii lea ves, r oots, s te ms, anthers a nd ovar y a nd com pa ring the relationship be twee n micr os tr ucture a nd differe ntenvir onme nts a nd dif fere nt gr owth tim e, the res ult s howe d tha t the m ore m odera te climatesiever sii dis tribution area a nd the longer the a ge is, the thinner its lea ves are; whe n Malussieversii seedlings gr ow n for three m onths, whic h s te ms be gin to differe ntiate the secondar ytiss ue; lateral r oots of three m onths growth per iod only ha ve primar y s tr ucture, but r oot hasdiffe rentiate d the sec onda ry str uc ture; a nther s of the flowe ring period is plum p, a nthe r arede hisce nce and a nthers a bout to s he d; f lower ing ovar y f or me d five s ub-c om par tme nts.4Malus sievers ii polle n m or phologica l diversity s tudyMa l us sievers ii polle n ha ve m or phology diversity in diffe rent populations and differe ntpla nts of the sa me population. NaLa Ti populations polle n is mainly ova l, and that of XinYua npopulations is both oval and r ound ba ll. T he P/E of r ound ball polle n is close to1, am ong1.090~1.118, P/E of ova l polle n is1.217~1.514.5Malus sievers ii fr uit m or phology and se e d diversity studyFr uits m or phology of differe nt populations Malus sieversii have dive rsity. T he fr uit ofNa La Ti population is the hea vies t a nd“The king”of Malus sievers ii is the lightest. In the s ha peof fr uit, the fr uit high of ever y population has little differe nce, maxim um longitudinal dia me terof XinYua n is35.02m m, and m inim um longitudina l dia meter of “T he king”of Malus sievers iiis27.52m m; ma xim um dia meter of XinYua n populations is34.49m m, minim um dia me ter ofNa lati population is28.00m m.“The king”of Malus sieversii stalk le ngth with25.65m m is thelongest, GongLiu population stalk thic kness with1.34m m is the s mallest. Num ber of see ds andgrain we ight are differe nt betwee n differe nt populations, grain we ight fr om weight to light isXY, NY, GY, W Y, the see d num ber of XinYua n popula tions is up to10, GongL iu, NaLa Ti and“The king”of Malus sieversii is8.6Malus sievers ii I S S R polym or phis m studyBy prime r screening, I S S R-P CR a m plif ication, polyacryla mide gel electr ophoresis, clus teranalysis base d on NTs ys2.0s oftware, Malus sieversii I SS R polym or phis m study s howe d thatKyr gyzsta n a nd Xinjia ng populations c lustere d into one c lass in GS=0.68, whic h mea n differe ntpopulations ha ve ge netic relationship, but ge ogra phic is olation has pla ye d a ce rtain r ole inMa l us sievers ii ge ne tic evolution. The various popula tions in Xinjia ng Dis tribution, includingE Y-1and T Y-1toge the r as a class a t GS=0.89-0.90, a nd a fter E Y-1a nd E Y-2clustere d into oneclass at GS=0.86-0.87, with XY-1a nd GY-5at GS=0.90clustere d together, which indicate thatTuoL i a nd E Min popula tions loca ted Tac he ng area ha ve gene tic re lations hip, XinYua n a ndGongL iu locate d in Yili als o ha ve closer ge ne tic rela tions hip.“T he king” of Malus sievers ii and GY-3clustere d together at GS=0.81-0.82, Malus pumila, XY-5and XY-6at GS=0.84clus tere d into one class, showing the closes t gene tic re lations hip with Xin Yua n population.Ma l us s ieversii c luster ing a nalys is res ult showed that Tia ns ha n Mountains barrie r lea d to theemer ge nce of ge ogra phical is ola tion within population, and long-ter m geogra phic is ola tion ma ywea ke n or bloc k the e xc ha nge of ge nes, so after a long per iod of gr owth a nd de velopme nt,diffe rent populations hybr idiz e, gr ow a nd reproduct in the ir own ge ogra phical area a nd the nfor m ge netic differe ntiation. |
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