| With the rapid development of global economy and urbanization, the human society arise some ecological problems, such as expanding population, depletion of resources, environmental pollution, and so on. The ecosystem environment that mankind rely for existence encountered the huge breakage-As the main body of terrestrial ecosystem, the forest plays an important role in human’s survival and daily life. As the biggest and richest ecosystem in land, forest plays special role in maintaining the structure、 functions and ecological processes of natural ecosystems, and provide the resource for human. The forest’s ecosystem services refer to the natural environmental conditions and their effectiveness. They not only supply the direct value such as food, the raw material of medicine, industrial and agricultural production, but also perform fundamental life-support services, which include microclimate adjusting, water conservation, production of organic compounds, carbon fixation and oxygen release, and maintain the species diversity and genetic diversity. So, it is essential that we recognize the importance of forest ecosystem services to civilization. Assessment of forest resource is a foreland topic. Due to the vast majority of the forest ecosystem benefits are in the form of public goods that can be monetized, but its ecological services value that are difficult to form the commodity, are difficult to estimate. These are bound to a distortion of the value of the forest ecosystem benefits and make the public neglect the dependences of their own life on the natural ecosystem. Now the evaluation of forest ecosystem services has already become the frontier’s topic of quantificational research in ecological economics and ecology. Therefore, the research of forest ecosystem services value can raise the public’s awareness of forest resources further.As a result of the limitation of the experimental data and the experimental conditions, and on the basis of relative data gathering, field investigation and the laboratory analysis, this thesis had studied the value of forest ecosystem services in terms of organic production, water supply and regulation, carbon sequestration, oxygen releasing in2000and2009in Chongqing by using the economic methods of environment and natural resources such as substitute cost method and commercial method At the same time, we analyzed the distribution of forest with elevation, gradient, slope direction of space distribution. The results showed that:(1)Based on GIS, the distribution pattern of forest in Chongqing was analyzed. We explored how the forest vary with elevation, slope and aspect, the results were:①levation was the determinant, because topographic factors played an important role to forest structure by affecting the reallocation of the hydro-thermal combination. There is a clear evidence of one-peak for distributions of different forest types, with altitude, while the changes of forest types with slope and aspect was not obvious. This paper studied the continuous change of the forest and its’optimal living environment, and clearly reflected the distribution of forest with altitude, slope and aspect. This paper gave a theoretical explanation for this phenomenon.(2)Regional distribution of NPP value in Chongqing was obvious. NPP was generally lower in southwest areas than that in northeast areas because of the influence of forest type and forest coverage. In2000, the maximum NPP value was1542g·C/m2·a, the average NPP value was665gC/m2·a; while in2009, the maximum value was1348g·C/m2·a, the average was580g·C/m2·a. NPP was a little higher in2000than that in2009. On the basis of NPP value, we used market price approach to calculate the organic production value among different forest types in Chongqing. The results showed that:in2000, the total maximum value of organic production of five different forest types was952.46billion Yuan; while in2009, the total maximum value was3626.96billion Yuan, showing the obvious rising trend. This had a lot to do with the significantly expanding of forest area in Chongqing. Deciduous broad-leaved forest had the largest organic production. However, deciduous coniferous forest had the smallest organic production.(3)The per unit area for water conservation value among different forest types was shrub> deciduous broad-leaved forest> evergreen broad-leaved forest> deciduous coniferous forest> evergreen coniferous forest. This was due to per unit area of water conservation among different types forest was negatively correlated to the canopy interception rate. Shrub had the smallest rate of canopy interception, while evergreen coniferous forest had the largest rate of canopy interception. In2000, the total water conservation volume was272.66×108t/a, while in2009that was388.21×108t/a, significantly greater than2000. Among different forest types, deciduous broad-leaved forest had the largest water conservation volume, while deciduous coniferous forest had the smallest. In2000and2009, the economic benefits of water conserved were467.34×l08Yuan and754.29×108Yuan respectively, also showed rising tendency. So the economic value of water conservation can be included in the GDP plan, which will have an important significance.(4)The quantity of different types of forest’s carbon fixation was1.03×108t and1.46×108t in2000and2009, respectively. The quantity of oxygen releasing among different forest was2.76×108t and3.93×l08t in2000and2009. The economic value of carbon fixation was356.78×108Yuan and517.88×108Yuan in2000and2009, separately. The economic value of oxygen releasing was1081.13×108Yuan and1569.01×108Yuan in2000and2009. For various types of forest, evergreen broad-leaved forest has the biggest carbon fixation and oxygen release, followed by evergreen coniferous forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest and shrub, and the smallest is deciduous coniferous forest.(5)In conclusion, in2000and2009, forest ecosystem service value was2857.71×108Yuan and6468.14×108Yuan, respectivly, the growth rate was55.81%. The average per unit area of the service value was3.46×108Yuan/hm2and7.85×108Yuan/hm2. The service value in2009was obviously higher than that in2000.The establishment of a scientific evaluation index system aimed at forest condition in Chongqing. Including a publicly evaluation system, but some other index was ignored, such as by-products of forest. So the results of the economic value of forest ecosystem were undervalued. But we applied GIS and some spatial data types to do this research, the efficiency was greatly raised, and the intensity of labor was decreased. We calculated the economic benefits of different forest ecological value, such as production of organic compounds, water conservation, carbon fixation and oxygen release. So the public gained a direct recognition of the importence of forest’s potential productivity. |
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