| The ecosystem services refer to the natural environmental conditions and their effectiveness formed and sustained by ecosystems and ecological processes, on which, human life relies for existence. They not only supply human with the production of ecosystem goods, such as food, forage, fuel, natural fiber and Pharmaceuticals, but also perform fundamental life-support services, which include the purification of air and water, detoxification and decomposition of wastes, regulation of soil fertility, production and maintenance of biodiversity, and mitigation of floods, droughts, and wind and water erosions. It is essential that we recognize the importance of this ecosystem services to civilization.Because the great majority of the ecosystem provide the natural capital and ecosystem services or welfare in the forms of public goods to the human society, the value of ecosystem services are not fully "captured" in commercial market or adequately quantified in terms comparable with economic services and manufactured capital. This kind of market failure will make the public neglect the dependences of their own life and of social, economical and cultural development on the natural ecosystem. And little weight will be given to policy decisions and the precision of GDP calculation will be affected. Now the evaluation of ecosystem services has already become the frontier's topic of quantificational research in ecological economics andecology.On the basis of relative data gathering, field investigation and the laboratory analysis, this thesis has studied the value of forest ecosystem services in terms of water supply and regulation, soil stabilization and erosion control, air purification and carbon sequestration, timber and forest by-product production in Qianjiang Distinct, Chongqing Municipality, by using the economic methods of environment and natural resources, such as substitute cost method and commercial method.The results show that: The annual average value of water supply and water regulation is worth 105.695 million Yuan. The annual average value of carbon sequestration and air quality is worth 71.4122 million Yuan. The annual average value of soil stabilization and erosion control to reduce the sediment is worth 11.235 million Yuan, and the annual average value of preventing the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium from running off is worth 570.061 million Yuan. The annual average value of net increased timber is worth 24.8923 million Yuan, and the annual average value of wood's by-products is worth 9.3529 million Yuan. Inside these kinds of value constitution, the value of trapping nutrient is the highest, and it reaches total value of 73%. But the timber and forest by-product only occupy total value of 3% and 1%. This kind of indirect value of economy is far larger than that of direct economy. Therefore the significant value of forest is realized in this kind of indirect use value provided by the ecological processes and ecological function of forest ecosystems. It is these kinds of ecosystem services that support the life processes or contribute to the self-maintenance of mankind by supplying soil nutrient, high-quality water, carbon cycling, or provision of wildlife habitat.In view of the present condition and the immense value of ecosystem services of the forest in Qianjiang Distinct, Chongqing Municipality, and in the light of the economy, society and natural recourses in that distinct, some concrete measures of ecosystem management have proposed:Firstly, the forest ecosystem health maintenance, including forest fire management and forest plant diseases and insect pests control. Secondly, the economic development planning, including promotion of small town construction through ecologicalimmigration, the development of characteristic and efficient village enterprise and the optimization of industrial structure in the forest area. The purpose is to moderate the conflict between the forest protection and regional economic development, to maintain the normal operation of ecosystem servi...
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